Low Levels of Usual Physical Activity Are Associated with Higher 24 h Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Clinical profile of the sample, stratified by step count tertiles.
Variables
Tertiles (steps/day)
1st (<4873)
2nd (4873–7113)
3rd (≥7114)
Age (years)
63 ± 8.7
61.6 ± 8.9
58.2 ± 7.3
0.013
Diabetes duration (years)
13.8 ± 8.5
15.1 ± 8.4
13.5 ± 8.3
0.595
Male sex
15 (30)
19 (38)
20 (39.2)
0.578
White ethnicity
37 (74)
41 (82)
39 (76.5)
0.913
Current smoking
8 (16)
9 (18)
3 (5.9)
0.308
Living with a partner
22 (44)
30 (60)
27 (52.9)
0.506
Education (years)
8.4 ± 4.4
8.8 ± 4.3
9.5 ± 5
0.342
Hypertension
46 (92)
45 (90)
48 (94.1)
0.746
BMI (kg/m2)
30.2 ± 4.3
29.7 ± 4.9
29.5 ± 4.7
0.709
Antihypertensive agents
2.1 ± 1.2
1.9 ± 1.2
2.18 ± 1.1
0.435
Diabetes management
0.907
Diet alone
0 (0)
1 (2)
1 (2)
Oral agents
24 (48)
24 (48)
26 (51)
Insulin alone
4 (8)
2 (4)
2 (3.9)
Oral agents and insulin
22 (44)
23 (46)
22 (43.1)
Retinopathy
9 (27)
13 (35)
15 (40)
0.248
Nephropathy
15 (30.1)
20 (42.5)
20 (48.8)
0.171
Cardiovascular disease
8 (17)
5 (10)
6 (12.2)
0.494
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
177.6 ± 67.5
172.6 ± 87.1
153.2 ± 54
0.190
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)
8.6 ± 1.9 (70)
8.9 ± 2.2 (74)
7.8 ± 1.7 (62)
0.008†
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
172.5 ± 38.3
174.3 ± 45.9
176.6 ± 39.8
0.885
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
90 ± 37
94 ± 35
96 ± 33
0.423
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
40 ± 12
44 ± 13
45 ± 14
0.192
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
171 (106–232)
139 (97–214)
150 (80–228)
0.445
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.8 ± 0.2
0.9 ± 0.4
0.8 ± 0.2
0.260
1st versus 3rd tertile; †2nd versus 3rd tertile. Continuous variables are expressed as means ± SD or medians and interquartile ranges, and categorical variables are expressed as absolute (n) and relative frequencies (%).
