Calcium Signaling in the Ventricular Myocardium of the Goto-Kakizaki Type 2 Diabetic Rat

Figure 1

Schematic diagram showing the summary of some of the proposed mechanisms involved in the alterations in Ca²⁺ signaling in cardiac myocyte from the GK diabetic heart. (1) No change/or decrease in L-type Ca²⁺ channel activity, (2) increase in Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange current, (3) decrease in SR Ca²⁺ content, (4) decrease in SR Ca²⁺ uptake, and (5) increase in Ca²⁺ release through RYR. SR: sarcoplasmic reticulum; RYR: ryanodine receptor; SERCA: sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase; NCX: Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger; —: no effect; ↑: increased activity; ↓: decreased activity (adapted from Eisner, 2013).