Teens with Type 1 Diabetes: How Does Their Nutrition Measure Up?

Table 3

Bivariate associations among demographic and nutritional variables and all health measures.

	Systolic BP		Diastolic BP		HbA1C		BMI%		LDL
	β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value
Age	2.18	<0.0001	0.92	0.03	0.17	0.05	0.63	0.62	4.46	0.007
Sex (boys vs. girls)^1	0.47	0.73	−0.72	0.49	0.09	0.68	−4.72	0.13	−2.20	0.59
Duration	0.46	0.04	0.18	0.31	0.003	0.82	−0.15	0.77	1.53	0.03
SES	1.17	0.14	0.68	0.27	0.61	<0.0001	1.86	0.32	2.13	0.37
Ethnicity (non-Caucasian vs. Caucasian)^2	2.96	0.04	2.78	0.01	0.84	0.0003	5.53	0.10	8.77	0.04
Insulin regimen^3	−0.85	0.55	1.41	0.19	0.69	0.002	5.29	0.10	3.82	0.37
Fats (% energy)	0.0001	0.99	−0.14	0.06	0.05	0.0002	−0.02	0.92	−0.28	0.33
Carbohydrates (% energy)	−0.05	0.51	0.13	0.04	−0.05	0.0004	0.10	0.58	0.07	0.78
Proteins (% energy)	0.42	0.01	0.14	0.28	0.05	0.07	0.31	0.42	0.78	0.12
Dietary fiber	−0.09	0.42	−0.12	0.13	−0.04	0.02	−0.21	0.39	−0.38	0.22
Fats (in range versus)
Less than recommended	1.14	0.69	0.20	0.93	−0.24	0.60	−2.21	0.74	12.46	0.12
More than recommended	1.86	0.19	–0.60	0.58	0.70	0.001	1.35	0.67	−0.52	0.90
Carbohydrates (in range versus)
Less than recommended	−0.41	0.80	−0.08	0.95	0.74	0.003	−2.21	0.56	−3.76	0.44
More than recommended	−1.43	0.46	1.29	0.38	0.01	0.97	−4.43	0.32	−0.88	0.88
Proteins (in range versus)
Not in range	1.17	0.39	−1.12	0.28	0.21	0.34	−4.91	0.11	2.78	0.50
Dietary fiber (in range versus)
Not in range	−2.22	0.64	−7.07	0.05	0.61	0.42	−14.89	0.18	4.19	0.75

Estimates based on linear regression analysis. Bold = . ¹Boys coded as 0. ²Caucasian coded as 1. ³Flexible regimen coded as 1.