Five-Year Predictors of Insulin Initiation in People with Type 2 Diabetes under Real-Life Conditions

Table 2

Multivariate Cox regression analyses for insulin treatment at follow-up.

Patients with complete data	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Hazard ratio		Hazard ratio		Hazard ratio		Hazard ratio
	Male sex	1.037	<0.001	1.035	0.002	0.993	0.724	0.985	0.587
Age (by 10 years)	0.955	<0.001	0.958	<0.001	0.970	0.014	0.970	0.052
Duration of diabetes (by 10 years)	1.315	<0.001	1.332	<0.001	1.350	<0.001	1.363	<0.001
HbA1c (by 1%)	1.264	<0.001	1.260	<0.001	1.243	<0.001	1.241	<0.001
Nonproliferative retinopathy	1.287	<0.001	1.288	<0.001	1.256	<0.001	1.277	<0.001
Proliferative retinopathy	1.436	<0.001	1.392	<0.001	1.441	<0.001	1.547	<0.001
eGFR below 90 (by 10 ml/min/1.73 m^2)	1.157	<0.001	1.139	<0.001	1.122	<0.001	1.121	<0.001
Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl			1.079	<0.001	1.060	0.007	1.095	0.001
HDL < 40 mg/dl (M), <50 mg/dl (F)			1.100	<0.001	1.103	<0.001	1.124	<0.001
LDL ≥ 100 mg/dl			0.819	<0.001	0.863	<0.001	0.861	<0.001
Systolic/diastolic BP ≥ 140/85 mmHg			0.950	<0.001	0.945	0.009	0.949	0.059
Albuminuria
Normoalbuminuria					Reference		Reference
Microalbuminuria					1.366	<0.001	1.414	<0.001
Macroalbuminuria					2.028	<0.001	2.210	<0.001
BMI
<27 kg/m^2							Reference
27–30 kg/m^2							0.882	<0.001
>30 kg/m^2							0.834	<0.001
Serum uric acid in the top quintile							1.046	0.209
Lipid-lowering treatment	0.912	<0.001	0.901	<0.001	0.867	<0.001	0.855	<0.001
Antihypertensive treatment	1.002	0.819	0.999	0.916	1.000	0.998	1.020	0.501
Aspirin	1.007	0.598	1.010	0.515	1.002	0.948	1.002	0.966
Antidiabetic treatment
Diet	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Biguanides and sulphonylureas	3.860	<0.001	3.963	<0.001	3.581	<0.001	3.511	<0.001
Sulphonylureas	2.874	<0.001	2.950	<0.001	2.806	<0.001	2.804	<0.001
Glitazones	1.649	<0.001	1.691	<0.001	1.469	0.011	1.534	0.031
Biguanides	1.286	<0.001	1.283	<0.001	1.188	0.004	1.209	0.012

Hazard ratios from multivariate Cox proportional hazard models for insulin treatment during follow-up.