Diabetes-Related Distress Assessment among Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Table 8

DDS scores and subscore mean ± SD across the demographical and clinical variables when testing these means vertically and horizontally.

Demographical/clinical variables	Total score	Emotional score	Physician-related score	Regimen-related score	Interpersonal score	value
Gender
Male	1.71 ± 0.52	2.30 ± 1.10	1.34 ± 0.69	1.75 ± 0.76	1.17 ± 0.50	<0.0001
Female	1.98 ± 0.74	2.78 ± 1.28	1.49 ± 0.92	1.87 ± 0.90	1.42 ± 1.01	<0.0001
value	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.062	0.116	0.002
Marital status
Married	1.80 ± 0.62	2.47 ± 1.20	1.39 ± 0.78	1.77 ± 0.79	1.26 ± 0.75	<0.0001
Single	1.97 ± 0.42	2.82 ± 1.19	1.15 ± 0.34	2.16 ± 1.18	1.33 ± 0.59	0.0003
Divorced	2.36 ± 0.54	2.88 ± 0.76	1.15 ± 0.34	3.16 ± 1.15	1.80 ± 0.61	0.0021
Widow	1.71 ± 0.61	2.43 ± 1.12	1.53 ± 1.01	1.50 ± 0.67	1.10 ± 0.42	0.0004
value	0.197	0.615	0.129	<0.0001	0.268
Level of education
Illiterate	1.86 ± 0.64	2.74 ± 1.25	1.44 ± 0.87	1.67 ± 0.75	1.27 ± 0.84	<0.0001
High secondary school or less	1.75 ± 0.60	2.26 ± 1.09	1.37 ± 0.71	1.83 ± 0.83	1.26 ± 0.70	<0.0001
Postgraduate education (master or above)	1.80 ± 0.50	2.50 ± 1.18	1.28 ± 0.70	1.88 ± 0.73	1.16 ± 0.41	<0.0001
Doctor	2.51 ± 1.09	3.40 ± 1.44	2.08 ± 1.28	2.07 ± 0.70	2.33 ± 1.15	0.6652
value	0.165	0.273	0.350	0.073	0.015
Socioeconomic status
Low (less than 5000 SR)	1.94 ± 0.72	2.58 ± 1.20	1.60 ± 0.99	1.91 ± 0.89	1.39 ± 0.97	<0.0001
Medium (5000–15,000 SR)	1.72 ± 0.55	2.39 ± 1.18	1.29 ± 0.64	1.71 ± 0.75	1.18 ± 0.58	<0.0001
High (more than 15,000 SR)	2.00 ± 0.64	2.88 ± 1.19	1.43 ± 0.81	1.94 ± 0.94	1.38 ± 0.70	<0.0001
value	0.047	0.019	0.011	0.296	0.189
Employment
Unemployed	1.99 ± 0.69	2.80 ± 1.23	1.52 ± 0.94	1.86 ± 0.86	1.43 ± 1.03	<0.0001
Employed	1.84 ± 0.72	2.51 ± 1.31	1.41 ± 0.78	1.92 ± 0.93	1.21 ± 0.51	<0.0001
Retired/housewife	1.67 ± 0.49	2.26 ± 1.08	1.31 ± 0.64	1.69 ± 0.73	1.17 ± 0.52	<0.0001
value	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.038	0.001	0.004
Smoking
Yes	1.81 ± 0.61	2.59 ± 1.21	1.27 ± 0.61	1.90 ± 0.98	1.05 ± 0.16	<0.0001
No	1.80 ± 0.64	2.52 ± 1.24	1.40 ± 0.80	1.70 ± 0.78	1.30 ± 0.82	<0.0001
Former	1.80 ± 0.55	2.27 ± 0.99	1.46 ± 0.78	1.97 ± 0.80	1.18 ± 0.52	<0.0001
value	0.105	0.293	0.263	0.007	0.565
Physical activity
Sedentary lifestyle	1.86 ± 0.66	2.64 ± 1.23	1.44 ± 0.83	1.74 ± 0.86	1.33 ± 0.82	<0.0001
<150 min./week	1.79 ± 0.61	2.37 ± 1.15	1.36 ± 0.73	1.88 ± 0.80	1.27 ± 0.75	<0.0001
150–300 min./week	1.64 ± 0.50	2.20 ± 1.11	1.28 ± 0.68	1.70 ± 0.67	1.05 ± 0.23	<0.0001
>300 min./week	1.47 ± 0.35	1.96 ± 0.78	1.25 ± 0.71	1.48 ± 0.33	1.06 ± 0.20	<0.0001
value	0.166	0.204	0.470	0.506	0.191
Management
Lifestyle modification	1.44 ± 0.32	1.88 ± 1.14	1.15 ± 0.34	1.44 ± 0.59	1.07 ± 0.15	0.2851
Oral hypoglycemic drugs	1.70 ± 0.55	2.29 ± 1.12	1.38 ± 0.76	1.68 ± 0.76	1.21 ± 0.51	<0.0001
Insulin use	1.88 ± 0.53	2.69 ± 1.09	1.51 ± 0.89	1.73 ± 0.81	1.23 ± 0.72	<0.0001
Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs	1.86 ± 0.69	2.53 ± 1.27	1.35 ± 0.73	1.89 ± 0.85	1.32 ± 0.88	<0.0001
value	0.132	0.006	0.117	0.030	0.297
Complications
Yes	1.92 ± 0.63	2.85 ± 1.24	1.39 ± 0.85	1.80 ± 0.82	1.29 ± 0.80	<0.0001
No	1.67 ± 0.59	2.05 ± 1.02	1.40 ± 0.70	1.75 ± 0.79	1.25 ± 0.69	<0.0001
value	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.827	0.553	0.534
Ischemic heart disease
Yes	1.97 ± 0.64	2.72 ± 1.32	1.59 ± 1.14	1.93 ± 0.54	1.28 ± 0.54	<0.0001
No	1.76 ± 0.64	2.30 ± 1.15	1.40 ± 0.76	1.79 ± 0.83	1.30 ± 0.79	<0.0001
value	0.098	0.056	0.384	0.354	0.890
Cerebral vascular accident
Yes	1.89 ± 0.59	2.48 ± 1.14	1.48 ± 1.04	1.94 ± 0.78	1.38 ± 0.88	0.0257
No	1.76 ± 0.64	2.30 ± 1.15	1.39 ± 0.76	1.79 ± 0.83	1.30 ± 0.79	<0.0001
value	0.473	0.577	0.681	0.522	0.689
Peripheral vascular disease
Yes	2.36 ± 0.91	3.05 ± 1.78	2.16 ± 1.71	2.48 ± 1.28	1.29 ± 0.49	0.1408
No	1.76 ± 0.63	2.29 ± 1.13	1.39 ± 0.76	1.78 ± 0.81	1.30 ± 0.79	<0.0001
value	0.104	0.266	0.249	0.018	0.708
Retinopathy
Yes	1.91 ± 0.62	2.86 ± 1.20	1.41 ± 0.88	1.75 ± 0.79	1.27 ± 0.80	<0.0001
No	1.70 ± 0.60	2.13 ± 1.06	1.36 ± 0.68	1.81 ± 0.82	1.24 ± 0.65	<0.0001
value	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.490	0.396	0.708
Nephropathy
Yes	1.90 ± 0.54	2.49 ± 1.08	1.52 ± 0.93	2.07 ± 0.70	1.13 ± 0.42	<0.0001
No	1.76 ± 0.64	2.30 ± 1.15	1.40 ± 0.76	1.79 ± 0.83	1.29 ± 0.79	<0.0001
value	0.135	0.255	0.332	0.015	0.021
Neuropathy
Yes	1.91 ± 0.52	2.94 ± 1.12	1.33 ± 0.78	1.78 ± 0.78	1.17 ± 0.55	<0.0001
No	1.76 ± 0.65	2.30 ± 1.15	1.40 ± 0.77	1.78 ± 0.84	1.29 ± 0.80	<0.0001
value	0.015	<0.0001	0.401	0.981	0.068
Dyslipidemia
Yes	1.87 ± 0.65	2.62 ± 1.20	1.38 ± 0.82	1.87 ± 0.85	1.29 ± 0.82	<0.0001
No	1.74 ± 0.61	2.27 ± 1.18	1.41 ± 0.77	1.72 ± 0.79	1.28 ± 0.68	<0.0001
value	0.025	0.002	0.658	0.060	0.882
Hypertension
Yes	1.84 ± 0.64	2.57 ± 1.24	1.43 ± 0.82	1.78 ± 0.80	1.24 ± 0.73	<0.0001
No	1.74 ± 0.60	2.31 ± 1.16	1.38 ± 0.76	1.77 ± 0.82	1.25 ± 0.69	<0.0001
value	0.125	0.028	0.524	0.956	0.854
Family history
Yes	1.83 ± 0.62	2.58 ± 1.20	1.38 ± 0.78	1.78 ± 0.80	1.26 ± 0.75	<0.0001
No	1.69 ± 0.62	2.04 ± 1.01	1.38 ± 0.73	1.84 ± 0.86	1.31 ± 0.72	<0.0001
value	0.052	<0.0001	0.9848	0.521	0.581
Severe hypoglycemia
Yes	1.90 ± 0.67	2.61 ± 1.23	1.50 ± 0.90	1.81 ± 0.79	1.37 ± 0.94	<0.001
No	1.74 ± 0.58	2.39 ± 1.16	1.32 ± 0.69	1.77 ± 0.83	1.19 ± 0.56	<0.0001
value	0.006	0.040	0.018	0.565	0.016
Hospital admission
Yes	2.04 ± 0.68	2.91 ± 1.33	1.52 ± 1.00	1.93 ± 0.79	1.47 ± 0.1.03	<0.0001
No	1.76 ± 0.59	2.39 ± 1.15	1.37 ± 0.73	1.75 ± 0.79	1.22 ± 0.66	<0.0001
value	0.001	<0.0001	0.200	0.061	0.043