The HOMA-IR Performance to Identify New Diabetes Cases by Degree of Urbanization and Altitude in Peru: The CRONICAS Cohort Study
Table 1
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants at baseline and overall and according to study site.
Variable
Overall
Lima
Urban Puno
Rural Puno
Tumbes
value
Sex
0.882
Female
51.2
51.8
50.9
52.1
50.3
Male
48.8
48.2
49.1
47.9
49.7
Age (years)
0.934
35–44
24.3
24.0
24.8
22.8
25.3
45–54
25.5
27.1
25.0
25.4
24.4
55–64
25.4
25.2
25.7
25.4
25.3
65+
24.8
23.8
24.6
26.4
25.0
Wealth index
<0.001
Bottom
31.6
12.0
23.2
71.5
34.5
Middle
33.9
37.0
26.1
26.1
39.0
Top
34.4
51.0
50.7
2.4
26.5
Education
<0.001
<7 years
45.9
42.8
14.7
62.9
55.6
7–11 years
32.9
39.7
27.3
30.5
30.3
≥12 years
21.2
17.5
58.0
6.7
14.1
Waist circumference
<0.001
Mean (SD)
91.9 (11.0)
92.4 (10.5)
92.6 (10.8)
85.0 (11.0)
94.6 (10.2)
Body mass index
<0.001
Mean (SD)
27.7 (4.6)
28.4 (4.6)
27.8 (4.3)
25.1 (3.7)
28.3 (4.8)
HbA1c
Median (IQR)
5.8 (5.5–6.1)
5.7 (5.4–5.9)
5.9 (5.6–6.1)
5.8 (5.6–6.1)
5.9 (5.6–6.2)
<0.001
Diabetes
<0.001
Yes
6.9
5.5
7.0
3.1
10.3
HOMA-B
<0.001
Median (IQR)
96.4 (59.5–149.7)
108.0 (68.8–162.8)
95.5 (60.9–153.2)
74.1 (46.1–119.2)
98.6 (57.9–149.2)
HOMA-IR
Median (IQR)
1.7 (1.04–2.94)
2.0 (1.17–3.19)
1.6 (1.04–2.75)
1.1 (0.62–1.76)
2.0 (1.23–3.42)
<0.001
Results are presented as percentages for categorical variables. values for categorical variables refer to the chi-squared test among study sites, whereas for numerical variables (waist circumference and body mass index) to the analysis of variance. value refers to the Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test among study sites.
