Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Modulators of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

Clinical and SDB parameters of the 679 analysed participants at the DIACORE baseline visit by SDB class.

	No or mild SDB (AHI < 15)	Moderate SDB (AHI ≥ 15 to 29)	Severe SDB (AHI ≥ 30)	value^∞	Moderate versus no/mild SDB^§	Severe versus no/mild SDB^§
Number of patients, n (%)	451 (66%)	163 (24%)	65 (10%)
Age [years]	64 ± 9	66 ± 8	67 ± 7	0.008	0.030	0.088
Female, n (%)	208 (46%)	43 (26%)	16 (25%)	<0.001	<0.001	0.002
BMI [kg/m^2]	30.4 ± 5.1	31.3 ± 5.2	34.0 ± 6.8	<0.001	0.139	<0.001
Waist-hip ratio	0.95 ± 0.08	0.98 ± 0.07	1.00 ± 0.08	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Waist circumference [cm]	99 ± 16	102 ± 16	112 ± 15	<0.001	0.054	<0.001
Triglycerides [mg/dl]	166 ± 125	181 ± 155	187 ± 107	0.273	0.597	0.699
HDL-C [mg/dl]	54 ± 16	51 ± 14	50 ± 13	0.016	0.080	0.080
T2D duration [years]	10 ± 7	12 ± 10	9 ± 7	0.001	0.001	1.000
HbA1c [%]	6.8 ± 1.1	6.9 ± 1.2	6.6 ± 0.7	0.111	0.867	0.340
HbA1c [mmol/mol]	51 ± 7	52 ± 8	49 ± 5	0.111	0.867	0.340
HOMA-IR^†	5.6 ± 5.9	6.7 ± 9.1	7.9 ± 10.9	0.137	0.607	0.242
Systolic BP [mmHg]	137 ± 18	140 ± 19	141 ± 17	0.041	0.135	0.179
Metabolic syndrome [%]	71.8	78.4	84.6	0.038	0.290	0.079
Coronary artery disease [%]	16.0	23.3	20.0	0.101	0.083	0.235
Acute myocardial infarction [%]	10.9	13.5	15.4	0.448	1.000	0.882
Insulin [%]	22.6	37.4	29.2	0.001	0.001	0.771
Oral antidiabetics [%]	77.6	74.2	73.8	0.601	1.000	1.000
Sulfonylureas [%]	19.3	18.4	13.8	0.573	1.000	0.877
Incretins [%]	24.4	18.4	21.5	0.288	0.355	1.000
SDB parameters
AHI [/h]	7 ± 4	21 ± 4	46 ± 12	0.001	<0.001	<0.001
ODI [/h]	7 ± 5	20 ± 5	41 ± 12	0.001	<0.001	<0.001
SpO2 < 90% [min]	73 ± 106	125 ± 122	120 ± 85	0.001	<0.001	0.004
SpO2 [%]	93 ± 2	92 ± 2	92 ± 2	0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Min SpO2 [%]	80 ± 12	75 ± 16	74 ± 15	0.001	0.001	0.002
Nocturnal breathing rate [/min]	15 ± 3	14 ± 3	12 ± 3	0.001	0.064	<0.001
Nocturnal heart rate [/min]	66 ± 9	66 ± 10	67 ± 10	0.667	1.000	1.000
ESS	5.1 ± 3.3	5.4 ± 3.6	5.9 ± 3.1	0.148	1.000	0.195
ESS ≥ 11, n (%)	29 (6.5)	10 (6.4)	6 (9.5)	0.661	1.000	1.000
Nocturia (≥3x/night) [%]	64 (14%)	25 (16%)	11 (17%)	0.785	1.000	1.000

Data are expressed as percentage (%) for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables. ^∞Difference of parameters between the three SDB groups assessed by chi-square tests for categorical variables and by ANOVA for continuous variables. ^§Difference of parameters between two SDB groups assessed by post hoc analysis (Bonferroni). was considered statistically significant and marked in bold. SDB = sleep-disordered breathing; BMI = body mass index; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T2D = type 2 diabetes; BP = blood pressure; HbA_1c = glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (fasting, use of long-acting insulin); AHI = apnoea-hypopnoea index; ODI = oxygen desaturation index; SpO₂ = peripheral oxygen saturation; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale. . Metabolic syndrome is defined according to NCEP criteria [26].