Association between Sarcopenia and Renal Function in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of the studies included in the present meta-analysis.

No.		Reference	Year	Region	Design of study	No. of patients	Age^† (years)	Women (%)	HbA1c (%)	eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	Definition of sarcopenia	Sarcopenia (%)	Outcome	Adjustment
1		Han et al. [29]	2016	Korea	Cross-sectional	360	58	56.5	NR	87	ASM/height^2 below the cutoff value (7.0 kg/m^2 in men and 5.4 kg/m^2 in women) using the DXA method according to the recommendations of AWGS	18.8	Albuminuria	HTN, BMI, and MetS
2		Yang et al. [24]	2016	China	Cross-sectional	793	51	30.6	9.2	114	ASM/height^2 below the cutoff value (7.26 kg/m^2 in men and 5.45 kg/m^2 in women) using the anthropometric equation model	26.2	Albuminuria and eGFR	Age, BMI, SBP, DBP, HbA1c, FPG, diabetes duration, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, the use of drugs, and physical activities
3		Bouchi et al. [30]	2017	Japan	Longitudinal study	238	64	39.2	7.1	75.6	SMI (ASM/height^2) below the cutoff value (7.0 kg/m^2 in men and 5.4 kg/m^2 in women) using the DXA method and grip strength below the cutoff value (26 kg in men and 18 kg in women) according to the recommendations of AWGS	17.6	Albuminuria	Age, sex, HbA1c, BMI, and TG/HDL-C ratio
4		Hwang et al. [23]	2017	Korea	Cross-sectional	704	69	49.5	NR	78.1	SMI (ASM/weight) of 2 SD below the sex-specific mean value for a younger reference group (cutoff point for sarcopenia in men and women: 27.2% and 21.3%, respectively)	14.2	Proteinuria	None
5		Yoon et al. [31]	2017	Korea	Cross-sectional	158	64	54.7	NR	87.6	SMI (ASM/weight) of 2 SD below the sex-specific mean value for a younger reference group	11.3	Albuminuria	Age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, physical activities, HTN, DL, CVD, MetS, vitamin D deficiency, estrogen replacement, and renal dysfunction ( mL/min/1.73 m^2)
6		Chung et al. [22]	2018	Korea	Cross-sectional	409	58	47.4	7.1	102.8	SMI (ASM/weight) of 2 SD below the sex-specific mean value for a younger reference group (cutoff point for sarcopenia in men and women: 35.9% and 30.6%, respectively)	19.6	Albuminuria	Sex, age, percent body fat, smoking status, alcohol status, physical activity, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, SBP, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and RAS blocker, statin, fibrate, and insulin use

^†Unless indicated otherwise, data are shown as mean values. Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; SMI: skeletal muscle mass index; BMI: body mass index; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ASM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass; AWGS: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; HTN: hypertension; MetS: metabolic syndrome; DL: dyslipidemia; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; RAS: renin-angiotensin system; NR: not reported.