Prevalence and Determinants of Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Lower Extremity Amputations in Three Selected Tertiary Hospitals in Ghana

Table 5

Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with DLLA.

Characteristic		DLLA (%)	No DLLA (%)	value
Age ()				0.643
Diabetes duration
<5	36 (100)	1 (2.8)	35 (97.2)	0.897
5-10	32 (100)	1 (3.1)	31 (96.9)
11-15	16 (100)	1 (6.2)	15 (93.8)
16-20	11 (100)	0 (0.0)	11 (100)
>20	5 (100)	0 (0.0)	5 (100)
Diabetes treatment
Diabetic diet	14 (100)	1 (7.1)	13 (92.9)	0.293
OHAs	54 (100)	0 (0.0)	54 (100)
Insulin	18 (100)	1 (5.6)	17 (94.4)
OHAs and insulin	14 (100)	1 (7.1)	13 (92.9)
Previous foot ulcer
Yes	17 (100)	1 (5.9)	16 (94.1)	0.444
No	83 (100)	2 (2.4)	81 (97.6)
Previous amputation
Yes	5 (100)	1 (20)	4 (80)	0.116
No	95 (100)	2 (2.1)	93 (97.9)
Smoking
Yes	1 (100)	0 (0.0)	1 (100)	0.860
No	99 (100)	3 (3)	97 (97)
Alcohol intake
Yes	9 (100)	0 (0.0)	9 (100)	0.580
No	91 (100)	3 (3.3)	88 (96.7)
BMI
Underweight	9 (100)	1 (11.1)	8 (88.9)	0.328
Normal	28 (100)	1 (3.6)	27 (96.4)
Overweight	40 (100)	0 (0.0)	40 (100)
Obese	23 (100)	1 (4.3)	22 (95.7)
Foot deformity
Present	6 (100)	1 (16.7)	5 (83.3)	0.043
Absent	94 (100)	2 (2.1)	92 (97.9)
Impaired vision
Present	14 (100)	0 (0.0)	14 (100)	0.119
Absent	56 (100)	3 (5.4)	53 (94.6)
Hypertension
Present	60 (100)	2 (3.3)	58 (96.7)	0.811
Absent	40 (100)	1 (2.5)	39 (97.5)