Research Article
Aqueous Humor Cytokine Levels in Diabetic Macular Edema Patients with Cotton-Wool Spots
Table 2
Results of logistic regression of the effects of CWS in DME patients.
| | Category | (%) | Univariate | Multivariate | OR (95% CI) | | OR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | Female | 41 (51.25%) | Reference | | | | Male | 39 (48.75%) | 1.58 (0.58, 4.42) | 0.372 | | |
| Age (years) | <60 | 47 (58.75%) | Reference | | | | ≥60 | 33 (41.25%) | 1.85 (0.68, 5.14) | 0.231 | | |
| HbA1c | ≤7 | 23 (28.75%) | Reference | | | | >7 | 57 (71.25%) | 0.41 (0.14, 1.20) | 0.101 | | |
| DMR stage | NPDR | 35 (43.75%) | Reference | | | | PDR | 45 (56.25%) | 1.05 (0.39, 2.93) | 0.924 | | |
| Hypertension | (+) | 36 (45.00%) | Reference | | Reference | | (-) | 44 (55.00%) | 2.54 (0.93, 7.34) | 0.074 | 2.34 (0.70, 8.31) | 0.171 |
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | <0.36 | 65 (81.25%) | Reference | | Reference | | ≥0.36 | 15 (18.75%) | 15.12 (4.29, 64.09) | <0.001 | 13.26 (3.58, 59.16) | <0.001 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | <0.17 | 46 (57.50%) | Reference | | | | ≥0.17 | 34 (42.50%) | 1.72 (0.63, 4.77) | 0.289 | | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | <8.40 | 40 (50.00%) | | | | | ≥8.40 | 40 (50.00%) | 1.48 (0.54, 4.12) | 0.447 | | |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | <13.14 | 40 (50.00%) | Reference | | | | ≥13.14 | 40 (50.00%) | 0.68 (0.24, 1.84) | 0.447 | | |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | <0.65 | 36 (45.00%) | Reference | | | | ≥0.65 | 44 (55.00%) | 0.67 (0.24, 1.82) | 0.430 | | |
| IL-17 (pg/mL) | <1.36 | 36 (45.00%) | Reference | | | | ≥1.36 | 44 (55.00%) | 0.67 (0.24, 1.82) | 0.430 | | |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | <59.65 | 40 (50.00%) | Reference | | Reference | | ≥59.65 | 40 (50.00%) | 3.40 (1.20, 10.69) | 0.026 | 0.321 (0.95, 12.41) | 0.071 |
| PlGF (pg/mL) | <2.85 | 36 (45.00%) | Reference | | | | ≥2.85 | 44 (55.00%) | 1.47 (0.54, 4.20) | 0.460 | | |
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CWS: cotton-wool spot; DME: diabetic macular edema; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PlGF: placental growth factor.
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