Effect of 12-Month Resistance Training on Changes in Abdominal Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Variables in Patients with Prediabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Participant demographic and clinical characteristics at the baseline.

Characteristic		AT ()	RT ()	Control ()	value
Age (years)					0.08
Sex (female/male),		25/10	20/15	20/15	0.36
BMI (kg/m^2) (median 25%, 75%)		22.37 (21.37, 26.02)	25.14 (22.67, 26.71)	24.63 (21.65, 27.61)	0.34
WHR (median 25%, 75%)		0.88 (0.84, 0.92)	0.89 (0.82, 0.94)	0.89 (0.86, 0.91)	0.70
Muscle mass (kg) (median 25%, 75%)		38.90 (34.80, 42.40)	41.30 (37.90, 49.50)	40.50 (33.60, 49.00)	0.28
TC (mmol/L)					0.22
TG (mmol/L) (median 25%, 75%)		1.23 (0.99, 2.06)	1.37 (1.00, 1.86)	0.95 (0.73, 1.57)	0.16
HDL (mmol/L)					0.37
LDL (mmol/L) (median 25%, 75%)		2.94 (2.74, 3.42)	2.80 (2.36, 3.25)	2.61 (2.22, 3.26)	0.16
VAT (cm^2)					0.83
SAT (cm^2) (median 25%, 75%)		215.88 (147.01, 246.20)	180.57 (147.42, 231.98)	205.38 (169.67, 230.63)	0.70
FPG (mmol/L)					0.64
2hPG (mmol/L) (median 25%, 75%)		7.79 (6.82, 9.26)	7.87 (6.50, 9.86)	8.45 (7.03, 10.38)	0.56
HbA1c (%)					0.48
HbA1c (mmol/mol) (median 25%, 75%)		42 (39, 45)	40 (39, 45)	41 (39, 44)	0.48
FI (μU/mL) (median 25%, 75%)		7.89 (5.73, 11.08)	7.31 (6.30, 14.38)	8.34 (5.75, 11.33)	0.86
HOMA2-IR (median 25%, 75%)		1.02 (0.79, 1.54)	0.98 (0.87, 1.93)	1.09 (0.77, 1.46)	0.87
HOMA2-β (median 25%, 75%)		70.10 (53.00, 97.00)	73.70 (57.50, 106.30)	81.40 (58.30, 100.20)	0.66
Total calorie intake (kcal)					0.475
Menopause,		25	20	20	0.36
Diagnostic categories, (%)	IFG	17 (48.6)	10 (28.6)	11 (31.4)	0.170
	IGT	9 (25.7)	15 (42.9)	18 (51.4)	0.082
	IFG+IGT	9 (25.7)	10 (28.6)	6 (17.1)	0.505

Data are presented as the or median (if data are not normally distributed). AT: aerobic training; RT: resistance training; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2-hour postprandial glucose; FI: fasting insulin; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance. HOMA2-IR and HOMA2-β were calculated by a software of the HOMA2 model to assess insulin resistance and beta function.