Review on Pervaporation: Theory, Membrane Performance, and Application to Intensification of Esterification Reaction

Table 1

Pervaporation membranes employed for various esterification reactions.

Membranes	Nature of membrane	Esterification reactions studied	Reference
Chitosan-tetraethoxysilane hybrid membrane	Hydrophilic organic-inorganic hybrid membrane	Lactic acid + ethanol	[73]
Nafion membrane	Hydrophilic catalytically active membrane	Acetic acid + methanol	[94]
		Acetic acid + butanol	[94]
GFT-1005 and T1-b membrane	Hydrophilic organic membrane	Lactic acid + ethanol	[19]
		Succinic acid + ethanol	[19]
Polydimethylsiloxane membrane [PDMS]	Hydrophobic cross-linked membrane	Acetic acid + isobutanol	[95]
		Acetic acid + ethanol	[42]
PERVAP
2201	Hydrophilic polymeric membrane	Lactic acid + ethanol	[16]
2201		Lactic acid + ethanol	[9]
2201		Lactic acid + ethanol	[96]
2216		Lactic acid + ethanol	[96]
1000		Acetic acid + ethanol	[97]
2201		Acetic acid + isopropanol	[43]
2201		Propionic acid + isopropanol	[98]
1005		Oleic acid + i-amyl alcohol	[45]
1005		Acetic acid + ethanol	[18]
1005		Acetic acid + benzyl alcohol	[44]
Polyetherimide-γ alumina composite membrane	Hydrophilic composite polymeric-inorganic membrane	Acetic acid + ethanol	[99]
Silica membrane [Pervatech BV]	Hydrophilic inorganic membrane	Lactic acid + ethanol	[13]
Polyetherimide composite membrane	Polymeric/ceramic membrane	Acetic acid + ethanol	[100]
PVA membrane	Hydrophilic polymeric/ceramic composite membrane	Acetic acid + n-butanol	[89]; [87]; [101]
PVA membrane cross-linked with catalyst Zr[SO4]2·4H2O	Polymeric composite catalytic membrane	Acetic acid + butanol	[20]
PVA membrane [Amberlyst coated]	Polymeric/ceramic composite membrane	Acetic acid + butanol	[21]
PVA membrane [cast on polyethersulfone]	Hydrophilic polymeric composite membrane	Oleic acid + methanol	[22]
		2,2,2,Trifluoroethanol + methacrylic acid	[23]
Zeolite membrane [aluminum rich zeolite beta incorporated sodium alginate]	Hydrophilic mixed matrix membrane	Acetic acid + ethanol	[26]
Zeolite T membrane	Hydrophilic membrane	Acetic acid + n-butanol	[102]
		Acetic acid + ethanol	[103]
Zeolite NaA membrane	Hydrophilic membrane	Lactic acid + ethanol	[14]
		Propionic acid + isopropanol	[98]
Poly[ether block amide] membrane	Organophilic membrane	Acetic acid + n-butanol	[104]
Poly[2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide] [PPO] and thin layer fluoroplastic	Hydrophobic composite membrane	Acetic acid + methanol	[105]
Tubular hydroxy sodalite [SOD] membrane	Hydrophilic membrane	Acetic acid + ethanol	[106]
		Acetic acid + butanol	[106]
HZSM-5 membrane	Hydrophilic catalytic active membrane	Acetic acid + ethanol	[107]
Poly[2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide] [PPO] and fullerene C60	Hydrophobic composite membrane	Acetic acid + ethanol	[108]