Abstract
An electronically tunable reflectarray element is proposed in this work to design beam-steering antennas useful for radar applications. A reduced size reflectarray unit cell is properly synthesized in order to extend the antenna beam scanning capabilities within a wider angular region. The radiating structure is accurately optimized to provide a full phase tuning range by adopting a single varactor load as phase shifter element. A 0.46λ-reflectarray cell is designed at the frequency of 11.5 GHz, obtaining a phase agility of about 330°. The cell is successfully adopted for the design of a reconfigurable reflectarray. The antenna is numerically tested for different configurations of the varactors capacitance values, and good beam-steering performances are demonstrated within a wide angular range.
1. Introduction
Modern radar systems usually adopt phased array antennas as transmission/reception modules. Phased arrays integrate the actual radiating structures, consisting of an array of elementary antennas, with phase shifter components, tunable power amplifiers, and switches [1]. These additional devices allow to control the input signal of each radiating element, thus offering the capabilities to electronically steer the radiated main beam. Phased arrays offer many advantages with respect to mechanically scanned antennas, such as low profile, agile beams, and scalability. Furthermore, electronically scanned antennas offer increased data rates, instantaneous positioning of the radar beam, avoiding also mechanical vibrations, and errors associated with mechanically scanned systems.
An attractive alternative to traditional phased array antennas is offered by the reflectarray antenna concept [2]. As a matter of fact, reflectarrays may be specifically designed also for applications requiring pattern reconfigurability or beam-scanning capabilities. Reconfigurable reflectarrays may offer many advantages over conventional phased arrays, such as reduced costs and volume, a simpler architecture due to the absence of complicated beam-forming networks, and increased efficiencies due to the adoption of spatial feeding. They consist of an array of microstrip elements illuminated by a feed antenna (Figure 1(a)). Each radiator is properly designed to compensate for the phase delay in the path coming from the feed and to introduce a phase contribution able to create a total reradiated field with some desired features, such as prescribed beam directions and/or shapes.
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Many different reflectarray configurations have been proposed in the literature [2] also for mm waves applications [3], and recently, many efforts have been spent in the design of reconfigurable reflectarray elements, which are usually based on the use of tunable components and/or materials, such as MEMs, varactor diodes, and liquid crystal substrates [4–6].
Recently, the authors have proposed a novel tunable reflectarray element based on the use of an aperture-coupled patch electronically driven by a single varactor diode [7–10]. The radiating patch is coupled to a microstrip line printed onto a different substrate and loaded by a varactor (Figure 1(b)). By changing the bias voltage across the diode, the phase response of each element can be dynamically modified. A detailed description of the proposed phase control mechanism is reported in [10].
The phase tuning capabilities of the proposed reflectarray configuration have been already demonstrated in [7], while in [8–10] a reflectarray prototype composed by elements, with a unit cell with equal to , has been successful designed at the frequency of 11.5 GHz. The synthesis approach described in [11, 12] has been adopted in order to compute the desired voltages distributions across the diodes. The antenna has been tested into the Microwave Laboratory at the University of Calabria, equipped with both near-field [13, 14] and far-field facilities. Various measurements of its radiation pattern for different configurations of the varactors biasing voltages have been performed, thus demonstrating in [10] the reconfiguration capabilities of the fabricated reflectarray prototype. In particular, good beam-steering performances have been obtained within an angular region going from −25° up to 25°. In this work, the reflectarray cell proposed in [7–10] is properly redesigned in order to enlarge the allowable beam scanning area, so to give the opportunity for designing wide-angle beam-steering antennas, suitable for radar applications. Pointing out that a large scan angle requires a close element spacing, less than or equal to half wavelength at the operating frequency [15], a reflectarray unit cell with a reduced size equal to ( GHz) is proposed. In order to accommodate the phasing circuitries inside the reduced available area embedded in the unit cell, the antenna stratification layers are properly modified by choosing a higher permittivity for the phasing line substrate. According to the considerations reported in [10], the varactor loaded line is accurately resized in order to maximize the antenna phase agility. A phase tuning range of about 330° is numerically demonstrated, by varying the capacitance of the varactor diode within the values ranging from 0.2 pF up to 2 pF.
The designed cell is adopted to synthesize a reflectarray antenna able to steer the main beam up to 65°, as assessed numerically.
2. Design of a Reconfigurable Reflectarray Element Embedded into a Unit Cell with Reduced Size
2.1. Performance Limitations of Beam-Steering Arrays
The angular displacement of an electronically scanned radar beam is practically limited by two main factors, namely, the element pattern and the array elements spacing. As a matter of fact, the radiation pattern of an array of identical radiators is given by the product of the array factor and the element pattern. If the single array radiator is isotropic, that is, the array elements radiate an electric field quite uniform along those directions belonging to the scanning plane, only the array factor will affect the total radiation pattern.
However, practical array element patterns are not omnidirectional, showing an amplitude that decays when moving away from the broadside direction. In these cases, the single element will significantly reduce the amplitude of the scanned beam, except in the zone where it is nearly isotropic [15].
The second limitation, namely, the array elements spacing, is more relevant. As a matter of fact, it is well known that a large scan angle requires a close element spacing, in order to avoid grating lobes appearance. The maximum scan angle, that a linear phased array can achieve, may be derived from the well-known relation [15]: where is the maximum scan angle from broadside direction, is the spacing between two adjacent elements, and is the operating wavelength. Equation (1) is derived from the array factor expression of a linear array placed along the -axis or -axis, and its validity can be extended to the principal cuts of a planar array placed in the - plane [15]. If the array scan angle exceeds the value imposed by (1), grating lobes will appear along other directions. This last behavior is clearly illustrated in Figure 2, which shows the scanning limitations of a -spaced array. In this case, if the scan angle is greater than , as given by (1), the array factor will show a grating lobe having the same amplitude of the scanned main beam (Figure 2(c)).
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Equation (1) also states that half wavelength spaced arrays will have a complete theoretical scan range of , as illustrated in Figure 3.
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The maximum scan angle achievable by a phased array is also a function of the array length and the desired half-power beam width [15]; however, the condition imposed by (1) is necessary for the design of an array with prescribed beam-steering capabilities.
2.2. Reflectarray Element Design
In order to improve the scanning capabilities of the reconfigurable reflectarray configuration proposed in [7–10], the single reflectarray element is properly redesigned by reducing the unit cell size. In fact, as discussed in the previous paragraph, a closer array elements spacing assures a larger scanning region.
The unit cell dimension is fixed to a value less than half wavelength at the operating frequency GHz. In particular, the array grid size is set to . Furthermore, as demonstrated in [16–18], a reduced unit cell size allows to improve the bandwidth performances of reflectarray antennas. This last aspect is not considered in the present paper, but the relative analysis will be performed in a future work.
In order to allow the accommodation of the tuning circuitries in the smaller area embedded into the unit cell, the phasing line substrate adopted in [7] is properly substituted with a dielectric layer with and thickness mm (see Table 1). As a matter of fact, the use of a substrate with a higher permittivity allows to reduce the wavelength inside the printed lines, thus providing the possibility to design a shorter phase tuning line. As reported in Table 1, the other layers composing the antenna stratification are equal to those adopted in [7].
The reflectarray unit cell is synthesized through a full-wave simulation code (Ansoft Designer) based on the method of moments. The infinite array approach is adopted in order to take into account the mutual coupling effects, relevant for the assigned reduced interelement spacing.
The radiating structure design is performed by a proper tuning of patch and slot sizes, with the aim to satisfy the resonance condition as well as the matching between the patch and the phasing line, at the operating frequency of 11.5 GHz.
A varactor diode, with a tunable capacitance ranging from 0.2 pF to 2 pF, is integrated to the microstrip line in order to obtain the required reconfiguration capabilities. The varactor diode is modeled with the equivalent circuit illustrated in Figure 4, which takes into account the package parasitic effects () and the diode losses (). The varactor lumped parameters are fixed to the following values, derived by the Microsemi MV31011-89 diode datasheet: nH, pF, and .
As described in [10], the two line sections and (see Figure 1(b)) are optimized in order to maximize the phase agility of the element for the assigned varactor capacitance range. At this purpose, a parametric analysis of the reflectarray element is performed with respect to the lengths and , by assuming a normally incident plane wave. Figure 5 shows the reflection phase curves versus the varactor capacitance, computed for different values of the line length.
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It can be observed that by increasing , for a fixed value of (Figure 5(a)), a higher phase tuning range is obtained. As accurately demonstrated in [10], this last result is due to the introduction of a proper inductive effect, which is directly related to the stub length. As a proof of this concept, the input impedance of the designed aperture coupled patch, evaluated at the slot center, is reported under Figure 6, for different values of the stub length ranging from 1.05 mm (the matched case) up to 5.2 mm. It can be observed that for an increased input reactance a wider phase tuning range is achieved (Figure 5(a)). In particular, a phase tuning of about 330° is obtained for mm. On the other hand the length is tuned in order to match the maximum phase variation with the available varactor capacitance range [10]. As a matter of fact, Figure 5(b) shows that for any fixed value of , the section can be chosen to shift the phase curve within the capacitance range with the aim to increase the allowable phase tuning range, so obtaining a phasing line acting as a 360° phase shifter.
The dimensions of the optimized reflectarray element are reported in Table 2.
Furthermore, the same table shows that the designed tuning line is shorter than the line controlling the reflectarray element described in [7]. In particular, a 35% length reduction is obtained, thus allowing the allocation of the tuning circuitries inside the smaller cell (12 mm 12 mm at 11.5 GHz).
The simulated element pattern of the designed unit cell is reported in Figure 7. The depicted diagrams refer to the reflectarray element with a phasing line having dimensions mm and mm. The radiation patterns computed in the two principal planes show a nearly isotropic behavior within the range from −45° up to 45°, as in the case of a typical source.
In conclusion, the proposed unit cell could be suitable for the design of reflectarray antennas with improved beam-steering capabilities, as the main beam could be scanned within a quite large angular region ranging from −45° up to 45°, without occurring in the grating lobes phenomena. Furthermore, within this scanning range the main lobe will have at most a 3 dB amplitude reduction, as demonstrated by the simulated element pattern (Figure 7).
3. Design of a Beam-Steering Reflectarray
In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed cell, a reflectarray is designed at the frequency of 11.5 GHz. The array is illuminated by a broadside feed placed at a distance of 34 cm. A synthesis algorithm [11] is adopted in order to compute the varactor capacitance values which allow to steer the radiated main beam from 0° up to 65° in the H-plane. The computed radiation patterns depicted in Figure 8 show the validity of the proposed approach, as the main beam is successfully moved along the desired directions. As expected by the array theory, Figure 8 shows that the main beam amplitude decreases when moving away from the broadside direction. In particular, it can be observed that the scan loss increases away from broadside by following the cosine behavior of the element pattern. Thus, an acceptable 3 dB scan loss is obtained when the main lobe is pointed along the direction , while for a greater scan loss of about 7 dB is observed. Furthermore, Figure 8 shows a broader main lobe for greater scan angles. Despite limitations imposed by the array theory (i.e., scan losses and main lobe broadening), the obtained numerical results demonstrate wide angle beam-steering capabilities of the designed antenna, without occurring in grating lobes appearance.
4. Conclusion
The reflectarray concept has been applied in this work to design beam-steering antennas suitable for radar applications. A reflectarray unit cell based on the use of a single varactor diode has been proposed and optimized to provide wide angle steering capabilities. At this purpose, the antenna has been properly designed by reducing the unit cell size, in order to achieve a large angular scanning. As a specific numerical example, a varactor loaded reflectarray element, embedded into a cell at GHz, has been synthesized, obtaining a full phase tuning range of about 330°. The designed unit cell has been adopted to design a reconfigurable reflectarray. The antenna has been numerically tested showing good beam-steering performances within a wide angular range from −45° up to 45°.
Acknowledgment
This work has been carried out under the framework of PON 01_01503 National Italian Project “Landslides Early Warning,” financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research.