Neighborhood Urban Environmental Quality Conditions Are Likely to Drive Malaria and Diarrhea Mortality in Accra, Ghana
Table 1
Malaria mortality in different urban environmental zones.
Urban environmental variable
Zonation
RM
Mean fraction
P-value
95% CI
Total waste generation in relation to cluster population
Extremely deteriorated
1.755
0.050
.061
0.031 0.070
Moderately deteriorated
1.769
0.051
.018
0.041 0.059
Least deteriorated
1.000
0.029
—
0.011 0.045
Water supply and sanitation facilities
Extremely deteriorated
2.220
0.054
.007
0.035 0.072
Moderately deteriorated
2.041
0.049
.004
0.040 0.058
Least deteriorated
1.000
0.024
—
0.012 0.036
Hygiene facilities
Extremely deteriorated
0.470
0.024
.012
0.011 0.038
Moderately deteriorated
0.931
0.048
0.690
0.039 0.058
Least deteriorated
1.000
0.052
—
0.040 0.062
Housing structure & form, construction material type, and arrangement
Extreme slum
2.349
0.066
.004
0.052 0.080
Moderate slum
1.794
0.050
.112
0.040 0.061
Non slum (Well built)
1.000
0.028
—
0.019 0.037
Zonations: represent the different environmental ecotypes with discretely distinct environmental quality conditions. RM: represents relative mortality computed as the ratio of the mean of the fraction of cluster-level deaths due to a specific cause to that of the baseline situation, that is, the fraction of cluster-level deaths due to the specific cause in the least deteriorated zone. Mean fraction: represents the mean of the fraction of cluster-level deaths due to a specific cause. 95% CI: represents 95-percent confidence intervals of the means.
