Distance Traveled and Cross-State Commuting to Opioid Treatment Programs in the United States

Table 1

Opioid treatment program and patient characteristics.

	%	Mean	SD	Median	Minimum	Maximum
Program Variables (𝑛=84)
USA Region
Northeast	25
Southeast	38
Midwest	17
West	20
Beale urbanicity
Metro Area >1 million	53
≥250 K and <1 million	29
<250 K	18
ZIP code square miles		40	134	10	<1	1,186
Number of patients sampled		275	347	155	2	1,947
Patient variables (𝑛=23,141)
Miles traveled to OTP		15	23	7	<1	200
ZIP code square miles		38	89	13	<1	5,031
Age
18–29	43
30–43	33
44–81	24
Male	60
Race/ethnicity
African american	9
Hispanic	11
White	77
Other	3
Employed	44
First methadone treatment	50
Pain a reason for treatment	34
Strong urge to use	85
Severe withdrawal	71
Prescription opioid use past 30 days	73
Heroin use past 30 days	57