Research Article
Distance Traveled and Cross-State Commuting to Opioid Treatment Programs in the United States
Table 3
Multilevel logistic regression model predicting patient travel across state to OTP.
| Predictor | 95% Confidence interval of the unadjusted odds ratio | 95% Confidence interval of the adjusted odds ratio | Lower | Odds ratio | Upper | Lower | Odds ratio | Upper |
| Block one | | | | | | | U.S. Region | | | | | | | Southeast versus Northeast | 0.314 | 2.516 | 20.140 | 0.126 | 1.051 | 8.737 | Midwest versus Northeast | 1.044 | 11.826 | 133.970 | 0.821 | 8.473 | 87.475 | West versus Northeast | 0.003 | 0.063 | 1.480 | 0.002 | 0.038 | 0.839 | Urbanicity | | | | | | | 250 versus Metro | 1.649 | 10.959 | 72.848 | 1.878 | 12.081 | 77.697 | <250 K versus Metro >1 M | 0.105 | 1.384 | 18.160 | 0.230 | 3.148 | 42.997 |
| Block two | | | | | | | Patient ZIP code area | 0.921 | 0.983 | 1.049 | 0.918 | 0.980 | 1.046 | Program ZIP code area | 1.024 | 2.007 | 3.933 | 1.317 | 2.928 | 6.510 |
| Block three | | | | | | | Age | | | | | | | 30–43 versus 18–29 | 0.943 | 1.115 | 1.320 | 0.950 | 1.125 | 1.332 | 43–81 versus 18–29 | 0.891 | 1.126 | 1.423 | 0.900 | 1.142 | 1.448 | Female | 0.872 | 1.020 | 1.192 | 0.837 | 0.987 | 1.164 | Race/Ethnicity | | | | | | | Hispanic versus white | 0.262 | 0.559 | 1.192 | 0.266 | 0.570 | 1.220 | Black versus white | 0.198 | 0.416 | 0.875 | 0.191 | 0.402 | 0.847 | Other versus white | 0.196 | 0.403 | 0.830 | 0.195 | 0.403 | 0.829 | Employed | 0.778 | 0.911 | 1.068 | 0.767 | 0.906 | 1.072 |
| Block four | | | | | | | Pain a reason for treatment | 0.882 | 1.032 | 1.209 | 0.880 | 1.032 | 1.211 | First methadone treatment | 0.722 | 0.849 | 0.997 | 0.734 | 0.868 | 1.026 | Strong urge to use | 0.667 | 0.861 | 1.112 | 0.676 | 0.895 | 1.185 | Severe withdrawal | 0.778 | 0.934 | 1.123 | 0.801 | 0.978 | 1.194 | Prescription opioid use in past 30 days | 0.654 | 0.988 | 1.493 | 0.602 | 0.935 | 1.450 | Heroin use in past 30 days | 0.854 | 1.064 | 1.327 | 0.858 | 1.084 | 1.369 |
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Patient ZIP code area and program ZIP code area are continuous measures; all other covariates are coded 0, 1.
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