Objective Assessment of an Ionic Footbath (IonCleanse): Testing Its Ability to Remove Potentially Toxic Elements from the Body

Table 3

Changes in element concentrations in distilled water after running the machine without feet.

Elements (ug/L)	Distilled water + salt (pre-FBS)	Distilled water + salt (post-FBS)	Mean difference	%change
Aluminum^§	25.0	26.0	1.0	4.0
Antimony^§	0.0	2.0	2.0	200.0
Arsenic^§	0.0	6.0	6.0	600.0
Barium^§	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Boron^†	0.0	1.0	1.0	100.0
Cadmium^§	0.0	9.0	9.0	900.0
Calcium^†	30.0	150.0	120.0	400.0
Chromium^‡	4.0	23,634.0	23,630.0	590,750.0
Cobalt^‡	0.0	320.0	320.0	320.0
Copper^‡	40.0	280.0	240.0	600.0
Iron^‡	31.0	116,421.0	116,390.0	375,451.6
Lead^§	1.0	0.0	−1.0	−100.0
Lithium^†	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Magnesium	570.0	570.0	0.0	0.0
Manganese^‡	0.0	1,566.0	1,566.0	1566.0
Molybdenum	50.0	3,155.0	3,105.0	6,210.0
Nickel^‡	2.0	15,179.0	15,177.0	758,850.0
Phosphorus^†	21.0	59.0	38.0	180.9
Potassium^†	60.0	50.0	−10.0	−16.7
Selenium^†	0.0	1.0	1.0	100.0
Silicon^‡	20.0	1,170.0	1,150.0	5,750.0
Silver^§	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sodium^†	136,740.0	141,860.0	5,120.0	3.7
Strontium^†	5.0	6.0	1.0	20.0
Sulfur	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uranium^§	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vanadium ^†	1.0	59.0	58.0	5,800.0
Zinc^†	10.0	30.0	20.0	200.0
Total	137,610.0	304,554.0	166,944.0	121.3
Array component^‡	147.0	161,725.0	161,578.0	1,09,917.0
Essential elements^†	137,437.0	142,786.0	5,349.0	3.9
PTEs^§	26.0	43.0	17.0	65.4

^§PTEs: potentially toxic elements are defined to be aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, silver and uranium.
^†Essential elements are defined to be boron, calcium, lithium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, strontium, sulphur, vanadium, and zinc.
^‡Array component elements are to be chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and silicon.