Trends in Roll-Your-Own Smoking: Findings from the ITC Four-Country Survey (2002–2008)

Table 2

Multivariate results of GEE analyses by country for predominant use of RYO compared to all other smoking patterns (factory-made cigarettes or “some” RYO).

	Canada			United States			United Kingdom			Australia
	OR	CI	𝑃 value	OR	CI	𝑃 value	OR	CI	𝑃 value	OR	CI	𝑃 value
Wave (year)			.005			.006			.054			.157
1 (2002)	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
2 (2003)	.99	.87–1.12	ns	1.10	.80–1.52	ns	1.04	.99–1.11	ns	1.06	.99–1.40	ns
3 (2004)	.99	.84–1.18	ns	1.12	.73–1.73	ns	1.07	.99–1.15	ns	1.09	.99–1.20	ns
4 (2005)	.97	.79–1.20	ns	1.17	.72–1.88	ns	1.09	.99–1.19	ns	1.04	.93–1.17	ns
5 (2006)	.79	.65–.97	.024	1.21	.66–2.22	ns	1.19	1.07–1.33	.001	1.12	.99–1.23	ns
6 (2007)	.59	.44–.79	<.001	2.08	1.37–3.15	.001	1.16	1.01–1.34	.035	1.05	.92–1.20	ns
7 (2008)	.57	.37–.87	.010	1.91	.87–4.20	ns	1.21	1.04–1.41	.014	1.10	.94–1.29	ns
Sex			.875			.020			<.001			<.001
Female	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Male	1.05	.61–1.83	ns	2.15	1.13–4.10	.020	2.93	2.53–3.38	<.001	1.93	1.64–2.28	<.001
Income			<.001			<.001			<.001			<.001
Low	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Medium	.64	.42–.99	.046	.46	.28–.78	.004	.89	.72–1.07	ns	.80	.70–.90	<.001
High	.16	.06–.42	<.001	.16	.09–.31	<.001	.70	.58–.84	<.001	.55	.46–.65	<.001
Age (years)			.513			.173			.061			.005
18–24	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
25–39	1.07	.38–3.02	ns	1.47	.88–2.45	ns	1.57	1.00–2.50	.048	1.17	.94–1.46	ns
40–54	1.31	.42–4.02	ns	2.04	1.06–3.96	.034	1.64	1.07–2.53	.025	1.45	1.15–1.84	.002
55+	1.64	.52–5.16	ns	1.14	.57–2.28	ns	1.32	.86–2.04	ns	1.28	.98–1.68	ns
Intend to quit			.356			.148			.022			.035
No	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Yes	.88	.66–1.16	ns	2.01	.78–5.19	ns	.88	.79–.98	.022	.91	.83–.99	.035
HSI	1.26	1.12–1.4	<.001	.99	.86–1.16	ns	1.03	.99–1.08	ns	1.04	1.01–1.08	.019
No. of friends	.99	.90–1.07	ns	1.01	.87–1.16	ns	.99	.97–1.03	ns	1.02	.99–1.04	ns

*HIS: heaviness of smoking index, CI: 95% confidence interval, OR: adjusted odds ratio.