History of Cesarean Section Associated with Childhood Onset of T1DM in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Table 3

Risk of T1DM associated with specified maternal and perinatal factors.

Variables	Birth weight/gestational age model		Size-for-gestational-age model
	HR	P value	HR	P value
Birth weight
≤4,000	REF		—	—
>4,000	1.07	0.692	—	—
Gestational age
Preterm	REF		—	—
Term	0.777	0.282	—	—
Size-for-gestational age
Small/appropriate	—	—	REF
Large	—	—	1.33	0.112
Delivery method
Vaginal	REF		REF
C-section	1.41	0.015	1.304	0.076
Mother’s age (years)
≤34	REF		REF
>34	1.14	0.531	1.15	0.5199
Mother has T1DM
No	REF		REF
Yes	1.16	0.795	1.129	0.388
Mother has hypertension
No	REF		REF
Yes	0.836	0.502	0.930	0.552
Mother’s marital status
Married	REF		REF
Single, separated, widowed, divorced	0.880	0.654	0.849	0.3003
Parity
1	REF		REF
2+	1.04	0.787	1.010	0.942
Mother’s education
Has not graduated high school	0.880	0.520	0.898	0.597
Graduated high school	0.889	0.506	0.907	0.592
Education beyond high school	REF		REF

T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus.