Table 1: Some xenoestrogens, xenoandrogens, antiestrogens, and antiandrogens.

Substance Some data on occurrence, usea References mentioning xenooestrogenic activity References mentioning xenoandrogenic activity References mentioning antiestrogenic activity References mentioning antiandrogenic activity Naturally occurring substances 20S-Protopanaxadiol Gastrointestinal metabolic product of ginsenosides     [20]   Alpha-zearalenol Metabolite of zearalenone, used as growth promoter in beef cattle in certain non-European Union countries [21]       Apigenin Flavonoid phytoestrogen [22]       Ferutinine Sesquiterpenoid, in plants of Umbelliferae family [23]       Formononetin Isoflavonoid, in red clover and soy extracts [24]       Genistein Isoflavonoid, in red clover and soy extracts [24]   [25]   Kaempferol Flavonoid phytoestrogen [22]       Methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers Occur naturally in marine organisms     [26] [26] Zearalenone Mycotoxin, food contaminant [21]       Industrial products and pollutants including organohalogens, plastic components, detergents 3,9-Dihydroxy-benz[a]anthracene Potential metabolite of benz[a]anthracene (PAH, mainly < incomplete combustion) [27]       3-Methylcholanthrene PAH, mainly < incomplete combustion [28]   [29]   4-n-Octylphenol Intermediate in production of and degradation product of octylphenol ethoxylates used to in rubber, in pesticides and paints [22, 30, 31]       4-Nonylphenol Precursor to and degradation product of commercially important detergents [30]       4-n-Propylphenol Degradation product of surfactants [31]       4-Tert-butyl 2-methylphenol Industrial product and environmental contaminant [22]       4-Tert-octylphenol Used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants [22, 31, 32]       7,12-Dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene PAH, mainly < incomplete combustion [33]       Benzotriazole Anticorrosive agent used in aircraft de-icing, antifreeze fluids, and dishwasher detergents     [34]   Benzyl butyl phthalate Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in vinyl floor tiles, vinyl foam, and carpet backing, in cellulosic resins [35]       Bisphenol A Used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins used as coatings on the inside of food and beverage cans [22, 36, 37]       Dibutylphthalate Mainly used as plasticiser, also in paints, inks, and cosmetics [35]       Dichlorostyrene Intermediate in chemical industry     [38]   Dodecylphenol Used in phenol resins in adhesives and paints [31, 39]       Nonylphenols Precursor to and degradation product of commercially important detergents [22, 31, 32]   [40]   Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Flame retardants used in plastics, foams, building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles [26, 41, 42]   [43, 44]   Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (some congeners) Industrial products, used as dielectric and coolant fluids [45–50] [51] [52, 53] [54] Substances used in personal care products 3-Benzylidene camphor UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]   [55] [55] 4,4-Dihydroxy-benzophenone UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]     [55] 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-butyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester Preservatives in foods, drugs, and personal products [56]       4-Hydroxybenzophenone Metabolite of UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]     [55] 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics     [55] [55] Benzophenone-1 UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]     [55] Benzophenone-2 UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55, 57] [55]   [55] Benzophenone-3 UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]   [55] [55] Benzophenone-4 UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]   [55, 58] [55] Benzyl salicylate UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]   [55] [55] Ethoxylated ethyl 4-amino benzoate UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics     [55]   Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]     [55] Eusolex 2292, Eusolex 6300, Eusolex 6007, Eusolex HMS UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [56, 59]       Galaxolide (HHCB) Fragrance, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [56]   [60] [60] Homosalate UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics   [55] [55] [55] Isopentyl-4-methoxycinnamate UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics   [55] [55] [55] Octocrylene UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics   [55] [55] [55] Octyl dimethyl para amino benzoate UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics     [55] [55] Octyl salicylate UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics   [55] [55] [55] Octyl-methoxycinnamate UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics   [55] [55] [55] Para amino-benzoic acid UV filter, used in sunscreens and cosmetics     [55]   Phenyl salicylate UV filters, used in sunscreens and cosmetics [55]   [55] [60] Tonalide (AHTN)       [60] [60] Pesticides 2,4,5-Trichloro-phenoxyacetic acid Herbicide, defoliant used in Agent Orange in Vietnam     [61]   3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropene carboxylic acid Pyrethroid insecticide metabolite     [62]   3-Phenoxybenzoic acid Pyrethroid insecticide metabolite     [62]   Alachlor Acid amide herbicide against grasses and broadleaf weeds. Use as herbicide banned in European Union (2006)     [63]   Aldrin, Organochlorine insecticide, widely used until 1970s [63]   [61] [64] Atrazine Still widely used triazine herbicide, banned in the European Union [65]       Azinphos-methyl Organophosphate insecticide, banned in the European Union (2006)       [66] Benomyl Carbamate fungicide has been used on fruits [61]       Bromopropylate Carbinol acaricide, used on fruits and legumes, in viticulture [63]     [63, 66] Carbaryl Carbamate insecticide, widely used in gardens, agriculture, and forestry     [61]   Chlomethoxyfen Diphenyl ether herbicide, used on rice       [63] Chlordane, Organochlorine pesticide, banned in USA in 1988 [61, 63]     [63, 64] Chlordecone Organochlorine insecticide and fungicide, banned by the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants [22, 61]   [61]   Chlornitrofen Diphenyl ether herbicide       [63] Chlorpropham Carbamate herbicide and plant growth regulator       [66] Chlorpyriphos Organophosphorus insecticide, highly used on corn and fruit trees, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 [63, 67, 68]       Cycloprothrin Pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture     [62]   Cyfluthrin Pyrethroid insecticide, agriculture, home, garden [63]   [62] [63] Cyhalothrin pyrethroid insecticide, agriculture, home, garden     [63] [66] Cypermethrin, Pyrethroid insecticide, in agriculture, home, garden [63, 69]       Cyprodinil Fungicide used in agriculture and on fruit       [66] DDE DDT metabolite       [63, 66] DDT, Organochlorine pesticide. Banned [22, 61, 63]     [63, 64] Deltamethrin Pyrethroid insecticide, widely used, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 [67]   [63]   Dichlorvos Organophosphate insecticide widely used to control household pests, also on outdoor fruit, and vegetable crops. Frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001       [67] Dicofol Organochlorine pesticide for mite control on agricultural crops, ornamentals, and around buildings [63]     [63, 66] Dieldrin Organochlorine pesticide, now banned in many countries [61, 63, 67]     [63, 64, 67] Dimethomorph Cinnamic acid fungicide, used in agriculture (potatoes)       [66] Endosulfan, Organochlorine insecticide, banned by the Stockholm Convention (2011) [61, 63, 67, 68, 70]   [61] [63, 64, 66, 67, 69] Endrin Organochlorine pesticide, used in agriculture. Now banned in many countries [61, 63]   [61] [64] Ethoxyquin Quinoline-based antioxidant used as a food preservative (E324) and a pesticide       [66] Etofenprox Pyrethroid insecticide used in homes (pet and foggers)     [62]   Fenarimol Heterocyclic organochlorine fungicide, used on ornamentals, trees, horticulture (frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001) [63, 67, 70]     [63, 67, 70] Fenbuconazole Triazole fungicide used in agriculture, fruit [61]       Fenhexamid Fungicide, used on fruit, ornamentals, trees       [66] Fenitrothion Organophosphorus insecticide, agriculture, grain storage       [66] Fenthion Organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide, widely used in sugar cane, rice, field corn, beets, pome and stone fruit, citrus fruits, pistachio, cotton, olives, coffee, cocoa, vegetables, and vines       [71] Fenvalerate Pyrethroid pesticide, agriculture, home, garden [61, 63]     [63] Fludioxonil Fungicide used on sowing-seed, vegetables, fruits, and ornamentals       [66] Imazalil Imidazole fungicide: sowing seed, potatoes, and fruits after harvesting       [66] Lindane Organochlorine insecticide, used to treat lice and scabies       [64] Linuron Phenylureum herbicide: horticulture       [66] Methiocarb Carbamate insecticide, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 [63, 67, 68]     [63, 66, 67] Methoxychlor Organochlorine pesticide, used on crops, ornamentals, livestock, and pets against insects. Banned in the USA (2003) and European Union (2002) [22, 61, 63, 67]   [61, 63] [63, 64] Metolachlor Chloroacetanilide herbicide, grass and broadleaf weed control in agriculture [63]       O-Phenylphenol Fungicide, generally applied after harvest; used for waxing citrus fruits. As a food additive, it has E number E231       [66] Pentachlorophenol Organochlorine pesticide: herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, antifouling paint, preservation of wood. Use now restricted     [61] [64] Permethrin Pyrethroid insecticide, agriculture, home, garden [63]   [62] [69] Pirimicarb Carbamate insecticide: vegetable, cereal, and orchard crops [68]       Pirimiphos-methyl Phosphorothioate insecticide: postharvest insecticide used on stored corn and sorghum grain and seed       [66] Prochloraz Imidazole-type foliar fungicide: gardening and agriculture, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001. [72, 73]     [60, 66, 67] Procymidone Dicarboximide fungicide: preharvest spray or postharvest dip of lupins, grapes, stone fruit, strawberries       [66] Propamocarb Carbamate fungicide: horticulture, ornamentals, agriculture [68]       Pyrazoxyfen Benzoylpyrazole herbicide     [63]   Pyrimethanil Fungicide: fruit,vineyards       [66] Quinoxyfen Fungicide: cereals, beets, strawberries, some berries       [66] Tebuconazole Triazole fungicide: agriculture. Assessed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency as potentially toxic;       [66] Tetramethrin Pyrethroid insecticide: Primarily pressurized aerosols in household, industrial, commercial, and institutional settings     [74]   Tolclofos-methyl Organophosphorous fungicide, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 [63, 67, 68]       Toxaphene Organochlorine insecticide (banned in many countries) [61, 68]       Trans-nonachlor Organochlorine insecticide: agriculture [61]     [64] tribenuron-methyl Herbicide: grains; still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001 [67]       Triflumizole Conazole fungicide: plant protection     [63]   Vinclozolin Dicarboximide fungicide, used on fruits and vegetables, still frequently used in Danish greenhouses in 2001. Use now strictly regulated [61]     [63, 66, 67]

aThese data are intended to give some indication, but are far from complete.