Human Biological Monitoring of Diisononyl Phthalate and Diisodecyl Phthalate: A Review

Table 1

Concentrations of DINP and DIDP metabolites measured in biological monitoring studies around the world. Legends: M: median; IQR: interquartile range; ND: nondetects; R: range; P95: 95th percentile; MINP: monoisononyl phthalate; MHINP: monohydroxy isononyl phthalate; MOINP: monooxoisononyl phthalate; MCIOP: monocarboxy isooctyl phthalate; MIDP: monoisodecyl phthalate; MHIDP: monohydroxy isodecyl phthalate; MOIDP: monooxoisodecyl phthalate; MCINP: monocarboxy isononyl phthalate.

Sampling year

Country

Population

Type of sample

N

DINP (ng/mL)

DIDP (ng/mL)

Reference

MINP

MHiNP

MOiNP

MCiOP

MIDP

MHiDP

MOiDP

MCiNP

2004/2008

Spain

Pregnant women (3rd trimester)

Spot urine

120

**

**

**

M=4.0; IQR= 3.5; ND < 3%

**

**

**

M=2.8; IQR= 2.2; ND <3%

[38]

Children (4 year old boys)

Spot urine

30

**

**

**

M=7.5; IQR = 6.4; ND=0%

**

M=4.0; IQR= 4.1; ND=0%

2005/2006

Japan

Pregnant women (1st trimester)

Spot urine

50

<0.035

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

[35]

2001/2002 and 2006/2007

Taiwan

Pregnant women (3rd trimester)

Spot urine

100

**

M≤0.25; R=0.25−; 364

M ≤ 0.25; R=0.25−; 288

M≤0.25; R =0.25−; 281

**

**

**

**

[33]

Children (2-3 years)

Spot urine

30

**

M =6.15; R =0.25−; 398.84

M=3.84; R = 0.25−; 287.46

M= 9.36; R =0.25−; 932.74

**

**

**

**

Children (5-6 years)

Spot urine

59

**

M =7.94; R =0.6−; 1188

M =4.3; R =0.25−; 352.62

M=9.42; R =1.22 −; 915.6

**

**

**

**

2007

Germany

Children (5-6 years)

Spot urine

111

**

M= 7; R≤0.25−; 83.3; ND = 4%

M=4.2; R≤0.25−; 51.6; ND=22%

M=13.1; R≤0.25; −168; ND = 1%

**

M=0.4; R≤0.2−9.8; ND=40%

M≤0.25; R≤0.25− 3.4; ND=70%

M =1.3; R ≤0.25; −16.0; ND=6%

[12]

2003/2006

Germany

Children (3–14 years)

Morning urine

599

**

M=11.0; R≥0.25−; 198; ND = 0%

M=5.4; R≥0.25−; 86.7; ND=2%

M =12.7; R ≥0.25−; 195; ND=0%

**

**

**

**

[13]

2006/2008

Denmark

Children (6–21 years)

24 hour urine

129

Sum of all metabolites: M = 31; R = 3− 281; ND = 0%

**

**

**

**

[34]

1988/2003

Germany

Students (21–29 years; 326 females and 308 males)

24 hour urine

634

**

M = 11.9; R ≤0.25−; 85.4; ND=1%

M =1.0; R ≤0.25−; 63.8; ND=8%

**

**

**

**

**

[11]

2005

USA

Adults

Spot urine

129

<0.36

M= 13.2; R=1.4; −202.7; ND= 0%

M =1.2; R≤0.25−; 201.7; ND= 13%

M=8.4; R≤0.25−; 310.8; ND=3%

**

**

**

**

[27]

2007

Germany

Adults

Morning urine

45

**

M=4.7; P95=16.8

M =1.7; P95= 6.7

M=5.3; P95 =15.5

**

M= 1.0; P95= 4.0

M= 0.2; P95= 1.1

M=0.7; P95= 2.6

[39]

1988/1994

USA

Adults (20–60 years)

Spot urine

289

M≤0.8; R ≤0.8; −79.7; ND ≥75%

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

[10]

2005

Germany

Males (14–60)

Morning urine (men)

23

**

M =5.5; R = 2.2−49.4; ND = 1%

M=3.0; R=0.5−8.2; ND =2%

[40]

Females (14–60)

Morning urine (women)

27

**

M = 5.7; R = 0.7−12.1; ND = 1%

M = 3.1; R=3.8−23.6; ND = 2%

**

**

**

**

**

Unknown

Germany

general population (6–80 years)

Spot urine

102

**

M = 2.0

M =1.3

M=4.0

**

**

**

**

Koch et al. unpublished data

2005/2006

USA

general population (≥6 years)

Spot urine

2548

<0.8

**

**

M=5.10; R =0.7−; 4961; ND = 5%

**

**

**

M=2.7; R ≥0.6−; 672.6; ND=10%

[9]

2007–2009

Canada

general population (6–59 years)

Spot urine

<0.4

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

Saravanabhavan, unpublished data