Health-Related Factors Associated with Mode of Travel to Work
Table 2
Univariate influences on walking, biking, driving, and taking public transit to work, meeting physical activity recommendations via active transport modes.
Variable
Walking to work at least 1 time/week
Biking to work at least 1 time/week
Driving to work at least 1 time/week
Public transit to work at least 1 time/week
Meeting physical activity recommendations via active transport modes
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
Demographic variables
Age
0.97**
0.95–0.99
0.93***
0.92–0.95
1.04***
1.03–1.06
0.97**
0.95–0.99
0.93***
0.91–0.95
Income
$30,000/year (referent)
1
1
1
1
1
$30,000–60,000/year
0.71
0.29–1.71
0.38**
0.20–0.71
1.1
0.52–2.32
0.67
0.32–1.41
0.32***
0.17–0.63
$60,000/year
0.64
0.26–1.41
0.33***
0.18–0.60
1.94
0.94–4.05
0.46*
0.23–0.93
0.24***
0.13–0.45
Sex: female (male referent)
0.85
0.54–1.35
0.31***
0.22–0.43
2.88***
1.98–4.19
0.60**
0.41–0.87
0.28***
0.19–0.41
Race
Non-Hispanic White (referent)
1
1
1
1
1
Non-Hispanic Black
0.73
0.17–3.13
0.33
0.08–1.38
0.91
0.31–2.64
1.65
0.63–4.36
0.19
0.04–1.92
All other racial/ethnic groups
2.99**
1.44–6.25
3.04***
1.65–5.59
0.21***
0.11–0.39
2.32*
1.17–4.60
3.41***
1.77–6.57
Health-related variables
Number of chronic disease
0.96
0.77–1.18
0.78*
0.65–0.94
2.13**
1.72–2.64
1.03
0.88–1.22
0.76*
0.61–0.96
Reporting chronic disease (no disease as referent)
CV pulmonary disease
0.98
0.59–1.63
1.37
0.92–2.04
3.37***
2.20–5.16
0.88
0.58–1.33
0.58*
0.34–0.97
Metabolic disease
0.58
0.25–1.35
0.26***
0.11–0.60
4.20***
2.11–8.37
1.23
0.67–2.25
0.58*
0.35–0.97
Musculoskeletal disease
1.1
0.52-2.33
1.73
0.91–3.28
3.29***
1.70–6.37
1.21
0.66–2.21
0.34*
0.14–0.85
Depression
1.28
0.72–2.28
1.21
0.78–1.87
2.75***
1.64–4.63
0.68
0.44–1.09
1.14
0.67–1.93
Body mass index
Normal weight
1
1
1
1
1
Overweight
0.77
0.47–1.27
0.58**
0.39–0.85
1.34
0.88–2.04
0.98
0.64–1.51
0.62*
0.39–0.97
Obese
0.46*
0.23–0.93
0.26***
0.14–0.47
2.59**
1.40–4.79
0.77
0.44–1.34
0.35**
0.18–0.67
Psychological variables
Perceived health statusa
1.64**
1.24–2.17
1.98***
1.59–2.45
0.63***
0.49–0.80
0.87
0.69–1.11
1.64***
1.28–2.11
Perceived health benefits of AC
1.03
0.99–1.06
1.05***
1.03–1.08
0.98
0.95–1.01
0.99
0.97–1.02
1.04**
1.01–1.07
Note: , , , ascale ranges 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent), and AC: active commuting.