Review Article
Impact of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions on Improving Health Outcomes among School Children
Table 1
Table showing independent variables assessed.
| | Categories | Variables
| Number of studies assessing variables
| Study location | Impact on outcomes | | Rural based | Urban based | Rural based | Urban based |
| | Sociodemographics | Age | 12 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 1 | | Gender | 12 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 2 | | Knowledge | 12 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | | Household income | 9 | 5 | 4 | | 3 | | Grade level of children | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | | Maternal education | 2 | 2 | | 2 | 1 | | Parental occupation | 1 | | 1 | | | | Parent education | 5 | 4 | 1 | 3 | |
| | Household variables | Female-headed households | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | Distance to school from home | 1 | | 1 | | | | Distance to water source | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | | Family size | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | | | No. of people sharing bedroom with child | 1 | | 1 | | | | No. of people sharing toilet with child | 1 | | 1 | | | | No. of children <5 yrs in household | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| | School characteristics | School area/location (highland/lowland) | 2 | 2 | | 1 | | | Latrine coverage | 9 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | | Pupil-latrine ratio | 1 | | 1 | | | | Water source at school | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | | Hand washing soap on basin | 1 | 1 | | | | | Means of waste disposal | 1 | 1 | | | | | Washup point after toilet | 1 | 1 | | | |
| | Environmental and access | Water source contamination | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | | Water samples | 4 | 3 | 1 | | | | Chlorine testing | 3 | 2 | 1 | | | | Water access/availability | 1 | | 1 | | | | Drinking water sources | 7 | 5 | 2 | 3 | | | Climatic season | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| | Nutrition practices | Food handling | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | | Meat consumption/eating raw vegetables/eating orange peels | 1 | 1 | | | | | Acute malnutrition | 1 | | 1 | | | | Stool samples | 1 | 1 | | | |
| | Knowledge, attitudes, and practices | Prior knowledge of hygiene practices and water treatment | 7 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | | Use of soap | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | | Latrine coverage (school/household) | 9 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | | Hand washing | 10 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | | Sanitation practice (latrine use) | 8 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | | Drying material availability | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | | Household water treatment | 2 | 2 | | 2 | | | Water storage practices | 3 | 3 | | | | | Hygiene practices | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
|
|
