Workplace-Related Traumatic Injuries: Insights from a Rapidly Developing Middle Eastern Country
Table 4
Demography, presentation, and outcome by mechanism of injury.
FFH (%)
MVC (%)
FHO (%)
Machine (%)
Burns (%)
Pedestrians (%)
value
Males
735 (96.6)
244 (98.4)
267 (99.6)
62 (98.4)
27 (90)
33 (97.1)
0.02
Age (mean ± SD)
0.72
Nationality
0.001
Nepalese
235 (30.9)
51 (20.6)
85 (31.7)
21 (33.3)
8 (26.7)
14 (41.2)
Indian
146 (19.2)
55 (22.2)
56 (20.9)
10 (15.9)
9 (30)
8 (23.5)
Bangladeshi
68 (8.9)
19 (7.7)
23 (8.6)
7 (11.1)
1 (3.3)
1 (2.9)
Sri Lankan
39 (5.1)
25 (10.1)
27 (10.1)
9 (14.3)
3 (10)
1 (2.9)
Pakistani
26 (3.4)
27 (10.9)
12 (4.5)
3 (4.8)
1 (3.3)
0 (0)
Philippine
30 (3.9)
5 (2)
9 (3.4)
5 (7.9)
2 (6.7)
4 (11.8)
Egyptian
76 (10)
19 (7.7)
18 (6.7)
2 (3.2)
2 (6.7)
1 (2.9)
Occupation
0.001
Laborers
378 (49.7)
12 (4.8)
157 (58.6)
40 (65.6)
2 (6.9)
18 (52.9)
Transport
22 (2.9)
224 (90.3)
11 (4.1)
0 (0)
1 (3.4)
2 (5.9)
Installation/repair
91 (12)
0 (0)
44 (16.4)
9 (14.8)
9 (31)
4 (11.8)
Carpenter
101 (13.3)
0 (0)
22 (8.2)
4 (6.6)
0 (0)
2 (5.9)
Housekeeping
33 (4.3)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
4 (13.8)
0 (0)
Farming/fishing
14 (1.8)
0 (0)
3 (1.1)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Maintenance, ground cleaning
14 (1.8)
0 (0)
1 (0.4)
3 (4.9)
1 (3.4)
0 (0)
No personal protective equipment (PPE)
562 (73.9)
102 (41.1)
182 (67.9)
40 (63.5)
16 (53.3)
11 (32.4)
0.001
Rehabilitation needed
107 (14.1)
37 (14.9)
47 (17.5)
2 (3.2)
1 (3.3)
5 (14.7)
0.007
Injured body region
Head
183 (24)
42 (16.9)
51 (19)
6 (9.5)
0 (0)
7 (20.6)
0.002
Lower extremities
206 (27.1)
76 (30.6)
91 (34)
20 (31.7)
0 (0)
13 (38.2)
0.001
Chest
210 (27.6)
80 (32.3)
56 (20.9)
4 (6.3)
0 (0)
12 (35.3)
0.001
Upper extremities
201 (26.4)
67 (27)
39 (14.6)
17 (27)
1 (3.3)
9 (26.5)
0.001
Abdomen
139 (18.3)
62 (25)
45 (16.8)
4 (6.3)
0 (0)
10 (29.4)
0.001
Pelvis
114 (15)
36 (14.5)
44 (16.4)
0 (0)
0 (0)
9 (26.5)
0.001
Skin/soft tissue injuries
353 (46.4)
156 (62.9)
143 (53.4)
35 (55.6)
30 (100)
54 (76.6)
0.001
Cervical spine
54 (7.1)
23 (9.3)
12 (4.5)
1 (1.6)
0 (0)
1 (2.9)
0.02
Lumbar spine
223 (29.3)
24 (9.7)
52 (19.4)
0 (0)
0 (0)
6 (17.3)
0.001
Thoracic spine
107 (14.1)
22 (8.9)
27 (10.1)
1 (1.6)
0 (0)
3 (8.8)
0.001
ORIF
211 (27.7)
80 (32.3)
82 (30.6)
11 (17.5)
0 (0)
9 (26.5)
0.001
Exploration laparotomy
31 (4.1)
26 (10.5)
17 (6.3)
1 (1.6)
0 (0)
5 (14.7)
0.001
Injury severity score (mean ± SD)
—
0.001
Intensive care unit days (median, range)
3 (1–52)
4 (1–36)
3 (1–59)
2 (1–5)
11 (1–64)
3.5 (1–22)
0.04
Hospital LOS (median, range)
6 (1–132)
7 (1–192)
7 (1–154)
4 (1–44)
9 (1–84)
6 (1–90)
0.004
Ventilation days (median, range)
2 (1–19)
2 (1–15)
2 (1–21)
2 (1-2)
2 (1–13)
1 (1–16)
0.87
Glasgow coma score (mean ± SD)
0.06
Brought in dead
9 (1.2)
5 (2)
2 (0.7)
2 (3.2)
2 (6.7)
2 (5.9)
0.02
Mortality
21 (2.8)
15 (6)
8 (3)
2 (3.2)
5 (16.7)
4 (11.8)
0.001
MVC: motor vehicle crash; FFH: fall from height, FHO: struck by heavy object; ORIF: open reduction and internal fixation; ISS: injury severity score; LOS: length of stay; Chi-Square test (categorical variables); one-way ANOVA (continuous variables).
