Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disability, and Special Education in U.S. Children Aged 6 to 15
Table 3
Multivariate associationsa between PAH metabolites and ADHD, NHANES 2001–2004 ().
All () OR (95% CI)
Male () OR (95% CI)
Female () OR (95% CI)
value for interactionb
1-Pyrene
Log-transformed
0.91 (0.69, 1.21)
1.13 (0.88, 1.46)
0.46 (0.23, 0.94)
0.2
High versus low
1.22 (0.65, 2.28)
1.39 (0.76, 2.55)
0.90 (0.28, 2.88)
0.7
1-Napthol
Log-transformed
1.00 (0.83, 1.21)
1.10 (0.87, 1.38)
0.85 (0.55, 1.31)
0.5
High versus low
1.00 (0.60, 1.69)
1.28 (0.62, 2.61)
0.63 (0.22, 1.81)
0.4
2-Napthol
Log-transformed
0.75 (0.59, 0.94)
0.76 (0.58, 0.99)
0.78 (0.50, 1.20)
0.8
High versus low
0.59 (0.35, 1.01)
0.75 (0.44, 1.30)
0.39 (0.16, 0.98)
0.5
FLUO metabolites
Log-transformed
0.93 (0.70, 1.24)
0.98 (0.69, 1.41)
0.84 (0.42, 1.70)
0.7
High versus low
1.40 (0.72, 2.72)
1.50 (0.68, 3.31)
1.22 (0.42, 3.53)
0.6
PHEN metabolites
Log-transformed
0.93 (0.61, 1.42)
1.07 (0.75, 1.52)
0.68 (0.27, 1.74)
0.9
High versus low
0.71 (0.36, 1.39)
0.64 (0.33, 1.25)
0.87 (0.23, 3.20)
0.9
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, creatinine, smokers in the household, PIR, birthweight, and having a routine source of medical care.
b value for interaction term sex * PAH.