Research Article

Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disability, and Special Education in U.S. Children Aged 6 to 15

Table 3

Multivariate associationsa between PAH metabolites and ADHD, NHANES 2001–2004 ( ).

All ( )
OR (95% CI)
Male ( )
OR (95% CI)
Female ( )
OR (95% CI)
value for interactionb

1-Pyrene
 Log-transformed0.91 (0.69, 1.21)1.13 (0.88, 1.46)0.46 (0.23, 0.94)0.2
 High versus low1.22 (0.65, 2.28)1.39 (0.76, 2.55)0.90 (0.28, 2.88)0.7
1-Napthol
 Log-transformed1.00 (0.83, 1.21)1.10 (0.87, 1.38)0.85 (0.55, 1.31)0.5
 High versus low1.00 (0.60, 1.69)1.28 (0.62, 2.61)0.63 (0.22, 1.81)0.4
2-Napthol
 Log-transformed0.75 (0.59, 0.94)0.76 (0.58, 0.99)0.78 (0.50, 1.20)0.8
 High versus low0.59 (0.35, 1.01)0.75 (0.44, 1.30)0.39 (0.16, 0.98)0.5
FLUO metabolites
 Log-transformed0.93 (0.70, 1.24)0.98 (0.69, 1.41)0.84 (0.42, 1.70)0.7
 High versus low1.40 (0.72, 2.72)1.50 (0.68, 3.31)1.22 (0.42, 3.53)0.6
PHEN metabolites
 Log-transformed0.93 (0.61, 1.42)1.07 (0.75, 1.52)0.68 (0.27, 1.74)0.9
 High versus low0.71 (0.36, 1.39)0.64 (0.33, 1.25)0.87 (0.23, 3.20)0.9

Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, creatinine, smokers in the household, PIR, birthweight, and having a routine source of medical care.
b value for interaction term sex * PAH.