The Shared Pathoetiological Effects of Particulate Air Pollution and the Social Environment on Fetal-Placental Development

Figure 1

A conceptual framework of the shared mechanisms of socioeconomic determinants and particulate air pollution exposure contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The physical environment (orange) consisting of particulate air pollution and the social environment (green) consisting of community and individual-level social factors/stressors converge to affect the fetal-placental environment (blue) via oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes.