Metals Exposures of Residents Living Near the Akaki River in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Summary of investigated analytes—Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011.

(a) Urine

Analyte		LOD	% >LOD	Analytic technique
Antimony	147	0.032 µg/L	57%	ICP-DRC-MS
Arsenic	136	1.25 µg/L	97%	ICP-DRC-MS
Barium	147	0.12 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS
Beryllium	147	0.072 µg/L	2%	ICP-DRC-MS
Cadmium	147	0.042 µg/L	88%	ICP-DRC-MS
Cesium	147	0.066 µg/L	99%	ICP-DRC-MS
Chromium	147	0.105 µg/L	95%	SF-ICP-MS
Cobalt	147	0.041 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS
Iodine	147	1.4 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS
Lead	147	0.10 µg/L	99%	ICP-DRC-MS
Mercury	141	0.05 µg/L	80%	ICP-DRC-MS
Molybdenum	147	0.92 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS
Nickel	147	0.337 µg/L	100%	SF-ICP-MS
Platinum	147	0.009 µg/L	3%	ICP-DRC-MS
Thallium	147	0.015 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS
Tungsten	147	0.021 µg/L	95%	ICP-DRC-MS
Uranium	147	0.0017 µg/L	93%	ICP-DRC-MS

(b) Blood

Analyte		LOD	% >LOD	Analytic technique
Cadmium	132	0.16 µg/L	88%	ICP-DRC-MS
Lead	132	0.25 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS
Manganese	132	1.06 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS
Mercury	132	0.16 µg/L	25%	ICP-DRC-MS
Selenium	132	30 µg/L	100%	ICP-DRC-MS

(c) Drinking water

Analyte		LOD	% >LOD	Analytic technique	Comparison; Value (CV)
Arsenic	143	0.001 mg/L	1%	ICP-MS	0.01 mg/L
Cadmium	143	0.0005 mg/L	1%	ICP-MS	0.003 mg/L
Chromium	143	0.010 mg/L	0%	ICP-AES	0.05 mg/L
Cobalt	143	0.010 mg/L	0%	ICP-AES	N/A
Copper	143	0.020 mg/L	3%	ICP-AES	2 mg/L
Lead	143	0.001 mg/L	18%	ICP-MS	0.01 mg/L
Manganese	143	0.010 mg/L	27%	ICP-AES	N/A
Mercury	143	0.0002 mg/L	0%	CVAAS	0.006 mg/L
Nitrates	150	0.10 mg/L	81%	FIA	50 mg/L

LOD = limit of detection; ICP-DRC-MS = inductively coupled dynamic reaction cell plasma mass spectrometry; ICP-MS = inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; SF-ICP-MS = sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; ICP-AES = inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy; CVAAS = cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry; FIA = Flow Injection Analysis.
Comparison values determined using the World Health Organization guideline values for water.