The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Musculoskeletal Health: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Summary of study characteristics.

		(1) Bones (n =132)						(2) Joints (n = 54)				(3) Skeletal Muscle (n=20)	(4) Cartilage (n = 19)		(5) Tendons (n=6)	(6) Ligaments (n=4)	(7) Secondhand Smoking (n=8)	Total
		A. Bone Mass (40)	B. Fracture (16)	C. Alveolar Bone (4)	D. Periodontitis (34)	E. Bone Implant (33)	F. Bone Graft (5)	A. Rheumatoid Arthritis (29)	B. Osteoarthritis (14)	C. Spondylarthrosis (7)	D.TMD (4)		A. Knee Joint Cartilage (7)	B. Spinal Cartilage (12)
Study Design	Cohort	7	13	0	4	19	3	17	11	1	2	4	4	11	2	4	4	106
	Cross- sectional	27	2	2	24	7	0	7	3	5	1	5	1	0	3	0	3	90
	Case-control	1	1	1	1	3	0	3	0	1	1	1	2	0	1	0	0	16
	RCT	1	0	1	5	4	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	14
	Quasi- experimental	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	10	0	0	0	0	0	10
	Secondary data analysis	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	5
	Cross- sequential	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
Used small sample size ( reported by author)		2	6	1	7	11	2	5	0	0	0	13	0	0	2	0	0	49
Used data or sample from large study		17	3	0	2	0	0	12	2	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	4	42
Sex	Male	15	2	0	7	0	0	0	3	0	0	8	0	0	0	0	0	35
	Female	12	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	17
	Both sexes	13	12	3	27	33	5	29	11	7	3	11	7	12	6	4	8	191
Objective Measurements	Cotinine	3	1	0	3	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	9
	EXCO	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3