Review Article
Hearing Disorders and Sensorineural Aging
Table 1
Etiopathology of tinnitus.
| Vascular | Atherosclerotic disease (carotid and subclavian) Dural arteriovenous fistulas Carotid-cavernous fistula Aneurysm (giant) Fibromuscular dysplasia of carotid artery Carotid artery dissection Aberrant internal carotid artery Hyperdynamic states (anemia, thyrotoxicosis, and pregnancy) Hypertension Internal auditory canal vascular loops Glomus jugulare tumor Benign intracranial hypertension Sigmoid or jugular diverticulum High jugular bulb Transverse or sigmoid stenosis Condylar vein abnormalities |
| Somatosensory | Palatal and middle-ear myoclonus TMJ alterations (synchrony with joint movements) |
| Neurologic | Cerebellopontine angle tumors Neurodegenerative diseases (dementia) Epilepsy Auditory hallucinations Migraine |
| Auditory | Ear wax Acute otitis media Otitis media with effusion Chronic otitis media Cholesteatoma Otosclerosis Ossicular chain trauma Ossicular malformations External- or middle-ear cancer Labyrinth malformations Genetic hearing loss (syndromic and nonsyndromic) Immune mediated inner-ear disease Cochlearot otoxicity Menierè disease—cochlear endolymphatic hydrops VIII cranial nerve tumor Acoustic trauma Sudden deafness Barotrauma Labyrinthitis (bacterial, viral, tuberculosis, and fungical) Auditory neuropathy Central auditory processing disorders |
| Psychiatric | Depression Anxiety Somatoform disorders Obsessive compulsive disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder Psychosis |
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