Hearing Disorders and Sensorineural Aging

Table 1

Etiopathology of tinnitus.

Vascular	Atherosclerotic disease (carotid and subclavian); Dural arteriovenous fistulas; Carotid-cavernous fistula; Aneurysm (giant); Fibromuscular dysplasia of carotid artery; Carotid artery dissection; Aberrant internal carotid artery; Hyperdynamic states (anemia, thyrotoxicosis, and pregnancy); Hypertension; Internal auditory canal vascular loops; Glomus jugulare tumor; Benign intracranial hypertension; Sigmoid or jugular diverticulum; High jugular bulb; Transverse or sigmoid stenosis; Condylar vein abnormalities
Somatosensory	Palatal and middle-ear myoclonus; TMJ alterations (synchrony with joint movements)
Neurologic	Cerebellopontine angle tumors; Neurodegenerative diseases (dementia); Epilepsy; Auditory hallucinations; Migraine
Auditory	Ear wax; Acute otitis media; Otitis media with effusion; Chronic otitis media; Cholesteatoma; Otosclerosis; Ossicular chain trauma; Ossicular malformations; External- or middle-ear cancer; Labyrinth malformations; Genetic hearing loss (syndromic and nonsyndromic); Immune mediated inner-ear disease; Cochlearot otoxicity; Menierè disease—cochlear endolymphatic hydrops; VIII cranial nerve tumor; Acoustic trauma; Sudden deafness; Barotrauma; Labyrinthitis (bacterial, viral, tuberculosis, and fungical); Auditory neuropathy; Central auditory processing disorders
Psychiatric	Depression; Anxiety; Somatoform disorders; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Psychosis