DGCR8 Localizes to the Nucleus as well as Cytoplasmic Structures in Mammalian Spermatogenic Cells and Epididymal Sperm

Nakano, Akane; Onohara, Yuko; Yokota, Sadaki; Fujita, Hideaki

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/414891

Journal of Histology

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 414891 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/414891

DGCR8 Localizes to the Nucleus as well as Cytoplasmic Structures in Mammalian Spermatogenic Cells and Epididymal Sperm

Akane Nakano,¹Yuko Onohara,¹Sadaki Yokota,¹and Hideaki Fujita¹

Academic Editor: José R. Jaber

Received04 Sept 2013

Revised08 Nov 2013

Accepted26 Nov 2013

Published18 Dec 2013

Abstract

The localization of DGCR8 in spermatogenic cells and sperm from rat and mouse was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Spermatogenic cells from these species yielded similar DGCR8 localization pattern. Immunofluorescence microscopy results showed that DGCR8 localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. In the cytoplasm, diffuse cytosolic and discrete granular staining was observed. Dual staining showed that DGCR8 colocalized to the granules with MAEL (a nuage marker). In the nucleus of spermatocytes, both the nucleoli and nucleoplasm were stained, whereas in the nucleus of early spermatids small spots were stained. In late spermatids, DGCR8 localized to the tip of their head and to small granules (neck granules) of the neck cytoplasm. The neck granules were also observed in the neck of epididymal sperm. Immunoelectron microscopy results showed that DGCR8 localized to nuage structures. Moreover, DGCR8 localized to nonnuage structures in late spermatids. DGCR8 also localized to the nucleolus and euchromatin in spermatocytes and round spermatids and to small granules in the nucleus of late spermatids. The results suggest that in spermatogenic cells DGCR8 localizes not only to the nuclei but also to the cytoplasmic structures such as nuage and nonnuage structures. Furthermore, DGCR8 seems to be imported into the egg with neck granules in sperm during fertilization.

1. Introduction

Spermatogenesis is a dynamic and highly complicated process that is composed of three phases based on functional aspects: (1) the proliferative phase in which spermatogonia undergo rapid successive cell divisions, (2) the meiotic phase in which recombination and segregation of chromosomes occur, and (3) the differentiation phase, named spermiogenesis, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa which are specialized to carry haploid genome to the egg [1–3]. During these phases, numerous phase-specific and house-keeping genes are expressed and supply proteins are required for phase-specific functions and usual metabolism in testis [4].

RNA silencing pathway plays important roles in spermatogenesis [5–9]. A key step in this pathway is the processing of double-stranded (ds) RNAs into short RNA duplexes of characteristic size and structures, which is performed by Drosha and Dicer, proteins related to the RNase III family [10–13]. DGCR8 is a protein encoded to the DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 and a subunit of microprocessor complex. It has a nuclear transport signal sequence and usually located in the nucleus, especially in the nucleolus together with nucleolin [14]. In the nucleus, DGCR8 binds Drosha to form the microprocessor complex that cleaves the primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) to the hairpin-shaped pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA). The resulting pre-miRNA is then exported to the cytoplasm and further processed to mature miRNA by Dicer, which is loaded together with Ago2 proteins into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The miRNA guides RISC to silence target mRNAs through mRNA cleavage, translation repression, or deadenylation [10–13]. It is known that processing body (P-body) or stress granules are cytoplasmic sites for RISC functions [15–19].

In male germ cells, similar compartments are nuage structures, including chromatoid bodies, which contain several components involved in miRNA pathway [20–22]. This idea is expanded to “germ granules” [23], which widely exist in germ cell line [1, 24]. We have attempted to clarify the nuclear localization of DGCR8 in spermatogenic cells to know the localization of DGCR8 in differentiating spermatogenic cells. The results showed that DGCR8 localized not only to the nucleus but also to diverse cytoplasmic structures. In this study, therefore, we investigate the precise localization of DGCR8 in spermatogenic cells and epididymal sperm of mammals using immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) techniques.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals

Male Wistar rats (weight 180–220 g) and mice (25 g) were purchased from Kyudo Co. Ltd. (Tosu, Japan). All animals received standard diets and water ad libitum until use. Health epididymides of pig and horse were obtained from a slaughterhouse. Sperms were collected from epididymides of rat, mouse, pig, and horse. An experiment was performed in accordance with the guidance for Animal Experiments issued by the Nagasaki International University.

2.2. Antibodies and Related Probes

Rabbit anti-DGCR8 antibodies were purchased from ProteinTech (10996-1-AP, Chicago, IL, USA) and Abnova (MaxPab rabbit polyclonal antibody, D01, Taipei, Taiwan), respectively. Guinea pig anti-MAEL antibody was used as described previously [25]. Alexa 568 or Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG or goat anti-guinea pig IgG was obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled swine antibody to rabbit IgG was purchased from DAKO Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Protein A-gold 15 nm probe was prepared as described previously [26].

2.3. Western Blotting

Testes of rat and mouse (250 mg each) were homogenized in 5 mL of sample buffer for SDSPAGE. Homogenates were heated in boiling water for 5 min and centrifuged at 10,000 ×g for 30 min. The resulting supernatants were divided into 100 mL aliquots and stored at −80°C. Protein concentration of 5% homogenates (w/v) in PBS was determined by the bicinchoninic acid method (Pierce Chemical, Rockford, IL, USA) using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Fifty micrograms of each sample were analyzed by Western blotting. The apparent molecular mass of DGCR8 was estimated by a prestained protein maker (Nippon Genetics Europe, Düren, Germany).

2.4. Immunofluorescence Staining

Smear preparations of epididymal sperm from rat, mouse, pig, and horse, and frozen sections (6 μm thick) of testes from rats and mice, were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (w/v) in 0.1 M Hepes-KOH buffer (pH 7.4) for 15 min. After permeation treatment with 0.1% Triton X-100 (v/v) + 0.2% Saponin (w/v), smear preparations and sections were incubated in 2% fish gelatin (w/v) in PBS for 30 min to block nonspecific adsorption of IgG, followed by overnight incubation with anti-DGCR8 antibodies from ProteinTech (×100) or from Abnova (×500 by). After washing with PBS, the reacted IgG was visualized by Alexa 568 or Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. For dual staining, sections were incubated with both rabbit anti-DGCR8 antibodies and affinity-purified guinea pig anti-MAEL (1 μg/mL) and each reacted IgG was visualized by Alexa 568-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-guinea pig IgG. For control, nonimmune sera were used instead of the specific primary antibodies. Nuclei were stained by 3 μM DAPI (Hoechst, Tokyo, Japan) for 60 min at RT. The smear preparations and sections were examined with a Nikon Eclipse E600 fluorescence microscope (Tokyo, Japan). The images were merged with Adobe Photoshop 7.0 to determine whether each antigen colocalizes to the same area. The stage of the seminiferous cycle was determined from the localization of elongating and elongated spermatids with individual tubules as previously described [27].

2.5. Immunoelectron Microscopy

Rat and mouse testes were cut into small tissue blocks in fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde (w/v), 0.2% glutaraldehyde (v/v), 0.02% CaCl₂ (w/v), and 0.1 M Hepes-KOH (pH 7.4) and tissue blocks were kept in the fixative for 1 h at 4°C. Tissue blocks were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in LR White at −20°C, followed by resin polymerization under UV light at −20°C. Thin sections were cut with a diamond knife equipped with a Reichert Ultracut R, mounted onto nickel grids, and incubated with rabbit anti-DGCR8 antibodies from ProteinTech (×100) or Abnova (×500) overnight at 4°C. For control experiments, nonimmune rabbit serum was used instead of the specific primary antibodies. The reacted IgG was visualized by 15 nm protein A-gold probe. Sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, coated with evaporated carbon and examined with a Hitachi H7650 electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan) at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV. The stage of the seminiferous cycle and step of spermatids were determined as described by Russell et al. [27].

2.6. Routine Electron Microscopy

Testis tissue blocks from rats and mice were fixed in the fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde (w/v), 1% glutaraldehyde (v/v), 0.02% CaCl₂ (w/v), and 0.05 M Hepes-KOH (pH 7.4) overnight at 4°C. After brief wash in PBS, testis tissue blocks were fixed in 1% reduced osmium tetroxide (w/v) for 1 h, dehydrated, and embedded in Epon. Thin sections were contrasted with lead citrate and examined with electron microscope.

3. Results

3.1. Western Blotting

Two protein bands of 117 and 86 kDa were observed in testis homogenates of rat and mouse with rabbit anti-DGCR8 antibody from ProteinTech (Figure 1). The same results were obtained with antibody from Abnova (data not shown). The band of 86 kDa was consistent with the molecular weight of rat DGCR8 shown in SWISS-PROT data base.

3.2. Immunofluorescence Staining

Immunofluorescence signals for DGCR8 were observed in three different compartments such as cytoplasmic granules, cytosol, and nuclei. Staining patterns changed during the stages cycle of seminiferous tubules. We observed carefully the staining pattern during spermatogenesis of rat testis. Cytoplasmic granular staining in spermatids was observed at steps 1–17 (Figures 2(a)–2(c), 2(e), 2(g) and 2(h)). Weak cytoplasmic diffuse staining was observed in pachytene spermatocytes and spermatids throughout the stages (Figure 2). Nuclear diffuse staining was observed in spermatogonia and late spermatocytes (Figures 2(c), 2(d), and 2(e)), whereas nuclear granular staining was seen in round spermatids (Figures 2(b) and 2(c) arrowheads). In middle and late pachytene spermatocytes, spot staining was noted in the nuclei (Figure 2(d), arrowheads). In step 17–19 spermatids, the tip and ventral surface of their head were strongly stained (Figures 2(b) and 2(c)). In step 13 spermatids, DGCR8 staining surrounded their head (Figure 2(e)). Furthermore, in the neck region of spermatids, small granules were stained (Figure 2(d), arrows). Staining patterns in each stage obtained with antibody from Abnova were quite similar to those with antibody from ProteinTech (Figures 2(g) and 2(h)). In control, the staining described above was completely eliminated (Figure 2(f)).

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Figure 2

Stage-specific localization of DGCR8 during the spermatogenic cycle in the rat testis. Sections are stained DGCR8 (red) and DNA (bright blue). (a) Stage I. Seminiferous tubule is shown. In the perinuclear region of pachytene spermatocytes, granular staining is seen (arrowheads). In the cytoplasm of round spermatids (ST), granules are stained. Around the head of step 15 spermatids (circles), positive staining is observed. (b) Stage IV. In the nuclei of round spermatids, small spot is stained (arrowheads). In the rostral and caudal ends of spermatid head, wedge shape and oval staining are observed, respectively. Many granules in the cytoplasm of step 17 spermatids are stained. (c) Stage VIII. The nuclei (*) of spermatogonia are diffusely stained. Small spots in the nuclei of step 8 spermatids are stained (arrowheads). Wedge shape staining is seen at the tip of step 19 spermatid head. (d) Stage XI. The nuclei (*) of spermatocytes are diffusely stained, in which strongly stained spots are also seen (arrowheads). The heads of step 11 spermatids are surrounded by a stained line and small granules at the caudal end of the heads are stained (arrows). Many granules in the cytoplasm are stained. (e) Stage XIII. Patchy staining in the nuclei (*) and granular staining in the cytoplasm are noted in pachytene spermatocytes. Around the nuclei of step 13 spermatids, strong staining is seen and many granules in their cytoplasm are also positive for DGCR8. (f) Stage XIII. Control section. No red staining is observed. (g) and (h) Sections stained with anti-DGCR8 antibody from Abnova. Staining pattern is quite similar to that shown in (a) and (c). Bar = 10 μm.

Next we stained dually testis sections for DGCR8 and MAEL, a nuage protein marker, in order to clarify whether DGCR8-positive cytoplasmic granules are nuage. The results are shown in Figure 3. DGCR8-positive granules in round spermatids were stained also for MAEL, whereas granules in the cytoplasm of late spermatids were negative for MAEL (Figures 3(a)–3(c)). In late spermatocytes, MAEL-positive granules were not stained for DGCR8. In the cytoplasm of step 11–15 spermatids, granules stained for both DGCR8 and MAEL were observed (Figures 3(d)–3(f)). In some spermatocytes at stages V-VI, large spot within the nucleus was heavily stained for DGCR8 but not for MAEL (Figures 3(d)–3(f)).

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Figure 3

Dual staining of DGCR8 (red) and MAEL (green) in rat seminiferous tubules. (a, b, and c) Stage V. Relatively large spots in the nucleus of pachytene spermatocytes are stained only for DGCR8 (arrows). Granules in round spermatids are positive for both proteins (circles). Granules in step 17 spermatids are stained only for GDCR8. (d, e, and f) Stage XI. Granules in spermatocytes are stained only for MAEL (squares), whereas granules in step 11 spermatids are positive for both proteins (circles). Bar = 10 μm.

3.3. Immunoelectron Microscopy

Similar results were obtained with anti-DGCR8 antibodies from ProteinTech and Abnova.

3.3.1. Nuage Structures

We studied whether DGCR8 localized to nuage structures of rat and mouse, which previously we classified into five types [28]. Gold labeling was generally weaker than that for the other nuage proteins studied previously [25, 29–31] irregularly shaped perinuclear granules, intermitochondrial cement, and chromatoid bodies were labeled for DGCR8 (Figures 4(a)–4(f)). 70–90 nm particles and satellite bodies were not stained for DGCR8 (data not shown). No gold labeling in these structures was observed in control (Figure 4 insets).

Figure 4

IEM localization of DGCR8 in nuage structures with two different antibodies. (a, c, and e) Staining with antibody from ProteinTech. (b, d, and f) Staining with antibody from Abnova. (a) and (b) Irregularly shaped perinuclear granules in mouse pachytene spermatocytes. Gold particles are observed on electron dense material. (c) and (d) Intermitochondrial cement in rat pachytene spermatocytes. Gold signals are seen on the dense material among the mitochondria (M) (arrows). (e) and (f) Chromatoid bodies in rat round spermatids. Gold particles are associated with dense material. No gold labeling is noted in IEM control (insets, all sections from rat). Bar = 0.5 μm.

3.3.2. Nonnuage Structures

Mitochondria-associated granules, which appeared in the elongated cytoplasmic lobe of late spermatids, were stained for DGCR8 (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)). Ribosome aggregates, which emerged in the residual body of step 19 spermatids, were moderately labeled (Figures 5(c) and 5(d)). In addition, gold labeling for DGCR8 was observed in the small granules which were aggregated in the cytoplasm of step 17 spermatids and in the residual body (Figures 5(e) and 5(f)). The other nonnuage structures such as granulated bodies and reticulated bodies were negative for DGCR8 (data not shown). No gold labeling was seen in IEM control sections (Figure 5 Insets).

Figure 5

IEM localization of DGCR8 in nonnuage structures with two different antibodies. (a, c, and e) Sections from rat and staining with antibody from ProteinTech. (b, d, and f) Sections from mouse and staining with antibody from Abnova. (a and b) Mitochondria-associated granules. DGCR8 staining is present on fine granular dense material. M: mitochondria. (c and d) Ribosome aggregates. Gold particles are observed in the aggregate. (e and f) Small dense granules in residual body. Gold labeling is seen on the granules. No gold labeling is noted in IEM control (insets, all sections from rat). Bar = 1 μm for (a and b) (inset) and 0.5 μm for others.

3.3.3. Nucleoplasm

The nucleoplasm of pachytene spermatocytes was moderately labeled but that of spermatids very weak or not. In spermatocytes, especially in late spermatocytes, most of the labeling was associated with euchromatin (Figure 6(a)). In step 6-7 spermatids, small dense particles, which aggregated to form a cluster, were labeled for DGCR8, whereas other nucleoplasm area was not labeled (Figure 6(b)). The nucleoplasm of step 10-11 spermatids was not stained excepting aggregated small dense granules (Figure 6(c)). No gold labeling was observed in IEM control sections (data not shown).

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Figure 6

Localization of DGCR8 in the nuclei of spermatogenic cells by IEM. Data obtained with antibody from ProteinTech. Dashed line indicates nuclear envelope. (a) A nucleus of a late pachytene spermatocyte of mouse. Gold labeling is associated with euchromatin near heterochromatin but not with synaptonemmal complex (*). (b) Nucleoplasm of a step 7 spermatid of rat. An aggregate of small particles is labeled with gold particles but the other area not. (c) Nucleoplasm of a step 10 spermatid of rat. An aggregate of particles is labeled but the other area is not. Bar = 1 μm for (a) and 0.5 μm for (b) and (c).

3.3.4. Nucleolus

Gold labeling for DGCR8 in the nucleolus was weaker in early to middle pachytene spermatocytes and became remarkable after stage IX, in which the nucleolus frequently came into close contact with XY body. In the nucleolus, DGCR8 mainly localized to the granular component surrounding the fibrillar center to which no DGCR8 localized (Figure 7(a)). Dense fibrillar component was also negative for DGCR8 (Figure 7(a)). In the nucleolus closely associated with XY body, DGCR8 was detected in both the granular component and in the fibrillar center (Figure 7(b)), whereas the dense fibrillar component was not labeled. The XY body was labeled very weak or not (Figure 7(b)). No gold labeling was observed in IEM control sections (data not shown).

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Figure 7

Localization DGCR8 in the nucleoli of pachytene spermatocytes by IEM. Data obtained with antibody from ProteinTech. Gold particles are marked by circles. (a) A nucleolus of a midspermatocyte. Gold particles are seen on granular component (gc) but a few or no on fibrillar component (fc) and dense fibrillar component (dfc). (b) A nucleolus associated with XY body. Gold labeling is observed on granular component (gc) and fibrillar component (fc) but not on dense fibrillar component (dfc). XY body (XY) is weakly labeled. Bar = 1 μm.

3.3.5. Dense Material in the Cytoplasm of Sertoli Cell Ectoplasmic Specialization

Ectoplasmic specializations are the complex cytoskeletal structure composed of the Sertoli cell plasma membrane closely contacted with spermatid head, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of this cell, and actin bundles between the plasma membrane and the ER [32]. DGCR8 localized to dense material located between the plasma membrane and the ER (Figure 8(a)).

Figure 8

Localization of DGCR8 in the head and neck regions of rat late spermatids by IEM and the corresponding area stained by IF (inset). All data obtained with antibody from ProteinTech. (a) Apical area of a step 17 spermatid head. Gold particles are present on dense material in the cytoplasm of a Sertoli cell at the ectoplasmic specialization (bracket). The corresponding areas stained by IF are shown in inset (arrows). (b) A neck granule in a step 15 spermatid, which corresponds to granules stained by IF (Inset) (long arrows). Gold labeling is seen in the granule (short arrow) but not on cross-sectioned annulus (arrowheads). (c) Two neck granules are shown. They are positive for DGCR8 (arrows). (d) IEM control. No gold labeling is observed in a neck granule (arrow). Arrowheads indicate a cross-sectioned annulus. (e) Routine transmission EM image of neck region. A neck granule attaching to neck piece of flagellum is observed (arrow). A cross-sectioned annulus is pointed by arrowheads. N: nucleus. Bar = 0.5 μm.

3.3.6. Small Granule in the Neck Cytoplasm of Late Spermatids

This granule consisted of dense material, appeared in spermatids after step 9, and could be observed also in the epididymal sperm. It existed solitarily or attached to the neck piece of the flagellum. We named it neck granules. DGCR8 localized to the neck granules (Figures 8(b) and 8(c)). Although the electron density of cross-sectioned annulus was very similar to that of the neck granules, no DCGR8 was detected in it (Figures 8(b) and 8(c)). No gold signals were seen in IEM control section (Figure 8(d)). The neck granules were evidently confirmed in routine electron microscopy (Figure 8(e)).

3.3.7. Neck Granules in Epididymal Spermatozoa

Next, we confirmed whether the neck granule existed in the neck cytoplasm of epididymal sperm from several mammals. Neck granules in sperm from rat, mouse, pig, and horse were stained for DGCR8 (Figures 9(a), 9(c), 9(d), and 9(e)). In rat and mouse, the number of stained granule was one or two, whereas in pig and horse, more than two granules were frequently stained (Figures 9(d) and 9(e)). No granules were stained in IF control preparation (Figure 9(b)).

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4. Discussion

4.1. Antibodies

Rabbit anti-DGCR8 antibody from ProteinTech developed two protein bands in Western blotting. The same results were obtained with anti-DGCR8 antibody from Abnova. The molecular weight of the faster migrated band was 86 kDa, which was consistent with the molecular weight estimated from amino acid sequence of DGCR8 cited in SWISS-PROT database. The molecular weight of the slowly migrated band was estimated to be 117 kDa. It has been reported that the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of DGCR8 is 1–275 amino acid sequence [33] and later confined to be 256–289 sequence [14]. According to manufacturer datasheet, the protein with 117 kDa (120 kDa by manufacturer) is an isoform of DGCR8 but not well characterized so far. In the present study, these protein bands were also observed in Western blotting with anti-DGCR8 antibody from Abnova. Therefore, it is likely that 117 k Da protein is a modified larger isoform of 86 kDa protein, which has DGCR8 epitope(s). If so, both 86 and 117 kDa proteins have the NLS and are able to localize to the nucleus. However, it is not clear which proteins localize to the cytoplasmic structures such as nuage and other structures investigated in this study.

4.2. Nuclear Localization of DGCR8 in Spermatogenic Cells

We showed that in spermatogenic cells DGCR8 localized not only to the nuclei but also to the cytoplasmic compartments, including nuage and nonnuage structures. Our IF results on the nuclear localization of DGCR8 are similar to those reported previously [14, 33]. The staining intensity of DGCR8 in spermatogenic cells changed during differentiation of spermatogenic cells. In pachytene spermatocytes, the strongest staining was observed at around stage XIII. This suggests that the cells are preparing miRNA silencing pathway against transposon appearing in meiosis shortly after this stage [34–36]. Our IEM study clarified that in the nucleolus DGCR8 was almost exclusively localized to granular component but not dense fibrillar component. The results are similar to previous report [14]. The nucleolus disappears in late spermatids. In such cells, DGCR8 was found to be associated with the aggregate of small dense particles in the nucleoplasm. The nature of these particles is unclear. Electron density of them is very similar to that of ribonucleoproteins.

4.3. DGCR8 in Nuage and Nonnuage Structures

Present study showed that in spermatogenic cells, DGCR8 localized to various cytoplasmic structures, including nuage and nonnuage structures specific for spermatogenic cells. The nuage is known to be a cytoplasmic site for RNA processing, including translation initiation [37, 38], RNA silencing [35, 39], RNA decay [40, 41], and RNA storage [23, 42]. The function of DGCR8 in nuage is not known. The localization of DGCR8 in the nuage suggests that it has some sort of function which is not relevant to serving as a subunit of microprocessor complex. In the present study, we showed that DGCR8 was present in nonnuage structures such as mitochondria-associated granules, ribosome aggregates, and small granules in the residual bodies. We have revealed that several nuage proteins are also contained in these structures [25, 28, 29, 31], to which DGCR8 was added as a constituent protein in this time. However, the role of the nonnuage structures in spermatogenesis is quite unknown. This is our future problem to solve.

Interesting finding is the localization of DGCR8 in neck granules of late spermatids and epididymal sperm. In addition, the granules were confirmed to exist in sperm of pig and horse. The results suggest that DGCR8 is a constituent protein in the neck granules of mammals. Previously, we have shown that MAEL protein, which plays a central role as transposon silencer during spermatogenesis, localizes to neck granules [25]. The relationship between these proteins is not obvious. It is interesting that DGCR8 might be carried into egg by the neck granules during fertilization.

5. Conclusion

DGCR8 localizes not only to the nucleus but also to the cytoplasmic structures, including nuage and nonnuage structures in spermatogenic cells. In the nucleus, DGCR8 is mainly present in nucleolus, especially in the granular component. In the nuage, DGCR8 localizes to irregularly shaped perinuclear granules, intermitochondrial cement, and chromatoid bodies. DGCR8 localizes to the neck granules of late spermatids and epididymal sperm.

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the University Research Fund, in part by a Grant-in-aid (17570158) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport and by the Science Research Promotion Fund from the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan.

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Copyright © 2013 Akane Nakano et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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