How to Build a Patient-Specific Hybrid Simulator for Orthopaedic Open Surgery: Benefits and Limits of Mixed-Reality Using the Microsoft HoloLens
Table 3
Qualitative evaluation using a 5-point Likert questionnaire. Central tendency summarized using median with dispersion measured by interquartile range (25°∼75°).
Item
Questionnaire items
Median (25°∼75°)
value (Eng. vs Clin.)
Engineers
Clinicians
All
Visual and audio perception
A
The virtual content is correctly aligned to the real objects.
5 (5∼4)
4 (5∼3.75)
5 (5∼4)
0.280
B
It is easy to perceive the spatial relationships between real and virtual objects.
5 (5∼4)
4.5 (5∼4)
5 (5∼4)
0.739
C
I did not notice motion of virtual content.
4 (5∼4)
4 (5∼3.75)
4 (5∼4)
0.436
D
I did not notice latency (lag, delay) between virtual content and objects real.
4.5 (5∼4)
4 (5∼4)
4 (5∼4)
0.353
E
I did not notice jitter (high-frequency shaking of the virtual content).
4 (5∼2.75)
4 (4.75∼3.75)
4 (5∼3)
0.912
F
I did not experience double vision.
4.5 (5∼4)
5 (5∼4)
5 (5∼4)
0.481
G
I did not notice colour separation.
5 (5∼3.75)
5 (5∼4.75)
5 (5∼4)
0.393
H
The field of view (FOV) is adequate for the application.
4 (4.25∼2.75)
3.5 (4∼2.0)
4 (4∼2.25)
0.579
I
Spatial sounds make the experience more immersive.
4 (5∼4)
5 (5∼3.75)
4.5 (5∼4)
0.796
Interaction and ergonomics
J
I did not experience postural discomfort during the application.
4 (4.25∼3.75)
3 (4 ∼ 2)
4 (4∼2.25)
0.029
K
I did not experience visual fatigue (eyestrain, dried mucus or tears around the eyelids, discomfort when the eyes are open, hot eyes, and headaches).
4 (4.25∼2.75)
2.5 (4.25∼2)
3.5 (4∼2)
0.393
L
Gesture interaction is easy and intuitive.
4.5 (5∼4)
5 (5∼4)
5 (5∼4)
0.631
M
Voice interaction is easy and intuitive.
4 (5∼4)
5 (5∼4)
4.5 (5∼4)
0.481
N
It is easy to aligning the surgical instrument to the AR viewfinders.
5 (5∼4)
3 (4∼2)
4 (5∼3)
0.023
No statistically significant differences were found between groups with different experience with AR (Item A ; Item B ; Item C ; Item D ; Item E ; Item F ; Item G ; Item H ; Item I ; Item J ; Item K ; Item L ; Item M ; Item N ) and HoloLens (Item A ; Item B ; Item C ; Item D ; Item E ; Item F ; Item G ; Item H ; Item I , item J ; Item K ; Item L ; Item M ; Item N ).
