Antigen-Induced Immunomodulation in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Table 1

Antigens that have been reported to be involved in atherogenesis.

	Antigen	Reference
Autoantigens	Oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	[21–23]
	Beta2glycoprotein1 (beta2GP1)	[24–26]
	Lipoprotein a (LP(a))	[27]
	Lipoprotein-lipase (LPL)	[28]
	Advanced glycation-end products (AGE)	[29]
	Heat-shock proteins	[30, 31]
	Collagen	[32–34]
	Fibrinogen	[35]
Microbial antigens	Porphyromonas gingivalis	[36, 37]
	Chlamydia pneumoniae	[38–49]
	Bacteroides forsynthus	[36]
	Streptococcus mutans	[36, 37, 50]
	Helicobacter pylori	[51–64]
	Echerichia coli	[65, 66]
	Enterovirus	[67–69]
	Cytomegalovirus	[22, 70–78]
	Viperin	[79]