Overview of Cellular Immunotherapy for Patients with Glioblastoma

Table 1

Adoptive immunotherapy in high-grade gliomas using lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells∗.

References	Type of trial	Patients	Administration	Clinical responses
[23]	Phase I	𝑁=6 progressive HGG	IC (1 injection)	No PR or SD
[24]	Phase I	𝑁=13 recurrent GBM	IC (2 injections)	1 SD No survival benefit
[25]	Phase I	𝑁=9 recurrent HGG 7 GBM and 2 AA	IC (15 injections)	1 PR (AA) No survival benefit
[26]	Phase I	𝑁=20 recurrent HGG 11 evaluated: 9 GBM/2 AA	IC (1 to 2 injections)	Median survival after IT: 18 weeks (>90 weeks—𝑁=2) Median OS: 63 weeks Correlation between survival and the number of LAK injected
[27]	Phase I/II	𝑁=19 recurrent gliomas14 GBM/5 GIII	IC (2nd injection if survival >4 months)	2 PR (GIII) 2 PR, one after 2nd injection (GBM) Median survival after IT: 30 weeksNo correlation between clinical and radiographic responses
[28]	Pilot study	𝑁=5 recurrent GBM	IC (1 injection)	No PR or SD No survival benefit
[29]	Phase I	𝑁=9 recurrent GBM	IC	1 CR, 2 PR, 4 SD Median OS: 18 months
[30]	Phase I/II	𝑁=19 recurrent HGG 15 GBM, 4 AA	IC (2 injections) 2nd cycle if no PD	1CR (AA), 1 delayed CR, 2 PR, 1SD (GBM) Median survival after IT: 53 versus 25.5 weeks (GBM)
[31]	Phase I	𝑁=10 recurrent malignant tumours 4 GBM, 2 AIII-IV, 2 AII-III, 1 AOA, 1 MDB	IC (𝑁=9)Intrathecal (𝑁=1 MDB)(4 to 5 injections)	2 PR (AII-III) Median survival after IT: 13 weeks Median OS: 78 weeks
[32]	Phase I/II	𝑁=28 recurrent HGG	IC (2 injections) 2nd cycle if no PD	1 CR (AA) 1 CR, 2 PR (GBM) Median OS: 53 versus 26 weeks (GBM)
[33]	Phase I/II	𝑁=40 recurrent GBM	IC (1 injection)	Median survival after IT: 9 months (excluded secondary GBM) Median OS 17.5 versus 13.6 months (excluded secondary GBM)
[34]	Phase I/II	𝑁=33 newly diagnosed GBM post RT+CT	IC (1 injection)	Median OS: 20.5 months Correlation between survival and the number of LAK injected; Correlation between survival and absence of corticoids before treatment

∗: Abbreviations used in this table: AII/III: grade II and III astrocytoma; AIII/IV: grade III and IV astrocytoma; AA: anaplastic astrocytoma; AO: anaplastic oligodendroglioma; AOA: anaplastic oligoastrocytoma; CR: complete response; CT: chemotherapy; GII/III: grade II and III glioma; GIII/IV: grade III and IV glioma; GBM: glioblastoma; HGG: high-grade glioma; IC: intracranial injection; IT: immunotherapy; MDB: medulloblastoma; OS: overall survival; PR: partial response; RT: radiotherapy; SD: stable disease.