Overview of Cellular Immunotherapy for Patients with Glioblastoma

Table 2

Adoptive immunotherapy in high-grade gliomas using cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) or tumour-infiltrated lymphocytes (TIL)∗.

References	Type of trial	Patients	Administration	Immune response	Clinical responses
CTL obtained from PBMC
[35]	Phase I	𝑁=5 HGG 2 newly diagnosed GBM, 2 recurrent GBM, 1 AOA	IC (7 to 13 injections)		2 PR (1 GBM, 1 AOA) No survival benefit (survival >2 years— 𝑁=1 AOA)
[36]	Phase I	𝑁=4 HGG 3 GBM, 1 AA	IC (3 injections)		3 PR (1 AA), 1 SD
[37]	Phase I	𝑁=10 recurrent HGG 7 GBM, 2 AA, 1 AOA	IC (3 injections)		1 CR (AA), 4 PR (3 GBM, 1 AA), 3 SD (GBM) Median survival: > 5 months
[38]	Phase I	𝑁=5 recurrent HGG 2 GBM, 1 AA, 2 AO	IC (3 to 11 injections)	Cerebrospinal fluid hypereosinophilia	3 SD (1 AA, 2 AO) No survival benefit
CTL obtained by lymphocytes from draining lymph nodes or PBMC after vaccination with irradiated ATC
[40]	Phase I	𝑁=15 recurrent HGG 12 GBM, 3 AA	IV (1 to 3 injections)	DTH (15/15)	No PR or SD Free disease survival: ≥ 8 months (𝑁=7) (>40 months 𝑁=1)
[41]	Phase I	𝑁=10 recurrent HGG 9 GBM, 1 AA	IV (1 injection)		3 PR (1 AA, 2 GBM) Survival after reoperation: > 1 year (𝑁=4/8)
[42]	Pilot study	𝑁=9 recurrent HGG 6 GBM, 3 GIII	IV +/− intracarotid infusion (1 injection)	DTH (9/9)	3 PR (1 GBM, 2 GIII with survival > 4 years) Correlation between clinical response and CD4/CD8 composition of infused cells.
[43]	Phase I	𝑁=12 newly diagnosed glioma: 6 GBM, 2 GII, 4 GIII	IV (1 to 2 injections)		4 PR (2 GBM, 2 GIII) 2 SD (2 GII)
[44]	Pilot study	𝑁=19 recurrent HGG16 GBM, 2 AA, 1 gliosarcoma	IV (1 injection)	DTH (17/19)	1 CR, 7 PR, 9 SD Median survival: 12 months Correlation between survival and DTH response
Autologous TIL
[39]	Pilot study	𝑁=6 HGG 3 GBM, 3 AA	IC (2 injections)		1 CR (AA), 2 PR (1 AA, 1 GBM)

∗: Abbreviations used in this table: see Table 1; DTH: delayed-type hypersensitivity; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; IV: intravenous.