More Than Just Tumor Destruction: Immunomodulation by Thermal Ablation of Cancer

Table 4

Studies reporting immune modulation in cancer patients and animal models treated with MWA.

Species	Tumor	Model	Immunologic effect	References
Human	HCC (𝑛=82)		CD3^+ cells, CD56^+ cells (treated and distant tumors)↑	[119]
			CD68^+ cells (treated and distant tumors)↑
	HCC (𝑛=10)	± DC	Phase I study:	[120]
			CD4^+CD25^high cells (blood)↓
			CD8^+CD28^− cells (blood)↑
Mouse	HCC	Hepa 1–6	Activity of tumor-specific CD4^+, CD8^+ cells (spleen)↑	[118]
(C57BL/6)		±GM-CSF	NK1.1^+ cells (spleen)↑
		± CTLA4-mAb	Tumor growth (rechallenge)↓