Current Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Pancreatic Cancer

Table 2

Whole tumor cell-based vaccines.

Patients	Whole tumor cell-based vaccines	Combination	Response	Ref
14 resected pancreatic cancer	Allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting pancreatic cancer cell		Vaccination induced increased delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to autologous tumor cells in three patients.	[67]
			3 patients also seemed to have had an increased disease-free survival time, remaining disease-free at least 25 months after diagnosis.
30 advanced pancreatic cancer	Allogeneic GM-CSF-secreting pancreatic cancer cell	Vaccine alone or in sequence with cyclophosphamide	CD8+ T-cell responses to HLA class I-restricted mesothelin epitopes were identified predominantly in patients treated with cyclophosphamide and immunotherapy.	[70]
			Cyclophosphamide-modulated immunotherapy resulted in median survival in a gemcitabine-resistant population similar to chemotherapy alone.