Antigen-Based Immune Therapeutics for Type 1 Diabetes: Magic Bullets or Ordinary Blanks?

Figure 3

“Immune staging" of T1D. Biomarkers of β-cell autoimmunity such as aAbs and T cells could help to identify at-risk subjects at an early stage (preclinical diagnosis) and to follow them up over time to decide the need for immune therapy and the best timing for treatment (prognostic stratification). Ag-specific immune therapy could be personalized for each subject by administering therapeutic formulations of those Ags targeted by aAb and/or T-cell responses. Modifications induced on such responses could be followed in real time during treatment, thus allowing to assess immune efficacy prior to and independent of clinical outcome.