Review Article

Current State of Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapy: Incremental Advances, Huge Leaps, or More of the Same?

Table 1

Models of immunotherapeutic DC administration to prolong graft survival and to treat autoimmunity.

Autoimmune disease
Type 1 diabetes
(i) Pancreatic lymph node DC (untreated) [1]
(ii) Mature bone-marrow-derived DC (GM-CSF/IL-4 propagated) or transduced with IL-4 vector [24], or TGFbeta [5]
(iii) NF-kappaB oligonucleotide decoy propagated or NF-kappaB inhibition [6, 7]
(iv) Antisense oligonucleotide (CD40-, CD80-, CD86-) propagated [8]
(v) Vitamin D receptor ligands [9, 10]
(vi) Other DC embodiments [1116]
Thyroiditis
(i) In vitro generation with TNFa and supernatant of a GM-CSF-transduced cell line [17, 18]
(ii) GM-CSF generated followed by in vivo administration of GM-CSF [19]
Experimental encephalomyelitis (Multiple sclerosis model)
(i) In vitro generation with TNFa and supernatant of a GM-CSF-transduced cell line [17, 18]
(ii) VIP and GM-CSF in vitro propagation [20, 21]
(iii) TGFbeta and MBP antigen [22]
Myasthenia gravis
(i) RelB knockdown [23]
Arthritis
(i) VIP and GM-CSF in vitro propagation [20, 21]
(ii) IL-4- or IL-10-expressing bone-marrow-derived DC and derivative exosome preparations [2426]
(iii) CD95- (Fas ligand-) expressing bone marrow-derived DC [27, 28]
Gastritis
(i) IL-10- expressing DC [29]
Allergy/asthma
(i) IL-10- overexpressing vector [30]
(ii) Allergen overexpression [31]

Allotransplantation/xenotransplantation
Administration of bone-marrow-derived DC from transplant organ donor
(i) DC propagated in low-concentration GM-CSF [3234]
(ii) DC propagated in GM-CSF, IL-10, TGFb and matured with LPS [35]
(iii) In vitro blockade of NF-kappaB by adding aspirin, vitamin D3 metabolites/analogues, glucosamine, N-acetyl-cysteine, corticosteroids, cyclosporin A, rapamycin, deoxyspergualin, and mycophenolate mofetil [3651]
(iv) Gene engineering in vitro; DC expressing IL-10, TGFbeta, CTLA-4Ig, indolamine-2,3 dioxygenase, Fas-ligand [5260]
Administration of transplant-recipient-derived DC prior to transplantation
(i) DC pulsed with class I MHC allopeptide or other alloantigens [61, 62]
(ii) Rapamycin and donor tissue lysate [63]