Review Article

T Cell Recognition of Autoantigens in Human Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Perspectives

Table 1

Autoantigens defined as recognized by T cells in human T1D. Listing has been limited to autoantigens for which evidence of recognition has been obtained in the human or, if only in the mouse, data are expected in the human.

autoantigenexpressionSubcellular locationInvolvement in the NOD mouseHuman T1D
autoantibodiesCD4+ T cellsCD8+ T cells

Insulinβ-cell, thymussecretory granule++++
*GAD 65neuroendocrinesynaptic-like microvesicles++++
GAD 67neuroendocrinecytosol++++
IA-2 (ICA512)neuroendocrinesecretory granule+++
IA-2 β/phogrinneuroendocrinesecretory granule+++
IGRPβ-cellendoplasmic reticulum+?++
ChromograninneuroendocrineSecretory granule+???
ZnT8β-cellsecretory granule?+??
HSP-60
HSP-70
ubiquitousmitochondria+++?
Glima-38secretory granule?+??
Amylin/IAPPsecretory granule???+
CD38ubiquitous??±??

GAD: glutamate decarboxylase; IA-2: islet antigen 2; ZnT8; HSP: heat shock protein; IAPP; IGRP; ICA: islet cell antibody.
?: no positive results reported.