T Cell Recognition of Autoantigens in Human Type 1 Diabetes: Clinical Perspectives

Table 2

Class II-restricted* CD4⁺ T-cell epitopes on human preproinsulin.

^§Epitope preproinsulin	^§Epitope Insulin nomenclature	MHC restriction	responders	references
PPI1-24	L1-24	DQ8	Transgenic mice	[44]
PPI11-26	L11-B2	DRB1*0401	Transgenic mice	[45]
PPI14-33	L14-B9	DQ6	Transgenic mice	[44]
PPI20-36	L20-B12	DRB1*0401	Transgenic mice	[45]
PPI21-36	L21-B12	DR4	Transgenic mice	[36, 45]
PPI33-47	B9-23	DQ8	At risk/recent-onset; Transgenic mice	[35, 47]
PPI35-51	B11-27	DR16	At risk	[36]
PPI44-63	B20-C7	DQ8	Transgenic mice	[44]
PPI59-74	C3-C18	DR	Human T cell lines	[140]
PPI73-90	C17-A1	DR4	Transgenic mice	[45]
PPI75-91	C19-A3	DR4	T1D	[48]
PPI78-94	C22-A5	DR4	T1D	[48]
PPI74-93	C19-A4	DQ6	Transgenic mice	[44]
PPI70-93	C13-A6	DRB1*0401	Transgenic mice	[45]
PPI85-101	C29-A12	DRB1*0401	Transgenic mice	[45]
PPI69-88	C13-32	DR4	T1D	[48]
PPI75-92	C19-A3	DR4	T1D	[48]
PPI78-94	C22-A5	DR4	T1D	[48]
PPI27-102	C29-A12	DR4	Transgenic mice	[45]
PPI90-104	A1-15, A1-13	DRB1*0401	T cell clones	[49, 51]
PPI90-102			Long-standing T1D

^§The preproinsulin nomenclature here refers to the human preproinsulin sequence (errors in some publications have been corrected here, which explains differences with cited references):
leader sequence: MALWMRLLPLLALLALWGPDPAAA;
B chain: FVNQHLCGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKT;
C peptide: (RR)EAEDLQVGQVELGGGPGASGLQPLALEGSLQ(RR), (R) are excised during insulin processing;
A chain: GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCN.
^§§Epitopes for which class II-restriting alleles have not been defined are not indicated in this table: PPI_1-16 (L_1-16), PPI_5-20 (L_5-20), PPI_9-24 (L_9-24), PPI, L₁₃-B₄, L₁₇-B₈, B_1-16, B₆–B₂₂, B_16-32, B₂₅-C₉, PPI_67-83, C_13-29 [36]; B₁–B₁₇, B₁₁–B₂₇, B₂₀-C₄, B₂₄-C₄, B₃₀-C₁₄, C₈–C₂₄, C₁₈-A₁, C₂₈-A₁₁, A₆–A₂₁ [141]; B_10-25, B₂₅-C₈, [140–142].