HIV-Associated Tuberculosis

Table 1

Newer Diagnostic Technologies for TB.

Technology	Turnaround time	Sensitivity gain	References
Ziehl Neelsen	2-3 days		[19]
Solid Culture	30–60 days	Baseline
Liquid Culture	15–30 days	+10%
Rapid Speciation		Compared to LJ
Line Probe Assay 1st line Rif and INH (e.g., INNOLiPA Rif.TB and the GenoTyp MTBDR)	2–4 days	Currently smear positive only	[20, 21]
Integrated Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (INH and Rif only) GeneXpert MTB/RIF	90 minutes	+40% compared to ZN	[22]
The Microscopic-Observation Drug-Susceptibility (MODS)	7 Days	+14% compared to LJ	[23]
T-cell-based Assays (Interferon-𝛾-based assays)	16–24 hrs; (if not batch run)	Overall sensitivity gain unknown Sensitivity: 76% for QTF-G, and 90% for Elispot, unable to distinguish latent from and active TB, role in HIV infection uncertain	[24]
LED-based Flourescent Microscopy	1-2 days	+10% Compared to ZN	[19]
TB Antigen Detection (Lipoarabinomannan –LAM Assay)	3-4 hours; Point of care testing available soon	Overall sensitivity gain unknown 52% sensitivity in HIV+ patients, specificity 89%	[18, 25]