Gender-Specific Cytokine Pathways, Targets, and Biomarkers for the Switch from Health to Adenoma and Colorectal Cancer

Figure 4

Th-cytokine models of the immune response in resting and activation conditions: whole blood levels of specific Th1 and Th2 cytokines were used as biomarkers in Th-cytokine data-driven computational models of the immune response to determine the direction of T cell differentiation (Th1 or Th2). The cytokines used in our Th-cytokine data-driven computational models of the immune response were: interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)γ, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10, to make up our basic network model, to establish if the direction in T cell differentiation was Th1 and/or Th2 type; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and IL-1β as serum biomarkers and IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-10 as LPS whole blood biomarkers, to determine if APC direction on T cell differentiation was of Th1 or Th2 type; and soluble (s) IL-2 receptor (R) and sIL-6R to estimate cell activation. APC: antigen presenting cells; PHA: to study T cell network contribution; LPS: to evaluate the influence of antigen presenting cells.