Improving the Safety of Tolerance Induction: Chimerism and Cellular Co-Treatment Strategies Applied to Vascularized Composite Allografts

Table 1

Methods of tolerance induction for VCA listed chronologically.

Methods	Induction pathway
Chimerism	Bone marrow transplantation
	Vascularized bone grafts
T cell depletion	ATG, OKT3 mAb, Campath-1H (CD52) mAb, 𝛼𝛽 TCR/𝛾𝛿 TCR mAb
Costimulation blockade	CD154, CD28, and/or CD40 mAbs, B7 ligand, CTLA-4 Ig (fusion protein)
Donor dendritic cell	In vitro manipulation followed by intravenous infusion
Mesenchymal stem cell	Ex vivo expansion followed by intravenous infusion
Regulatory T cell	In vivo induction followed by intravenous infusion