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Chemokines/cytokines | Main producers | Targets/role |
|
CXCL8 (IL-8) | Alveolar macrophages. |
Recruitment of neutrophils. |
Epithelial cells of the lung. | ā |
|
CCL2 (MCP-1) | Monocytes and alveolar macrophages. | Recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells. |
|
CCL3 (MIP-1a), CCL4 (MIP-1b) CCL5 (RANTES) | Alveolar macrophages. | Recruitment of macrophages and other immune cells. |
|
CXCL9, CXCL10 (IP-10), CXCL11 | Bronchial epithelial cells. | Recruitment of immune cells. |
|
CCL19/CCL21 | Stromal cells of the lymph nodes. | Recruitment and priming of IFN--producing T cells. |
Migration of DC from the lung to draining lymph nodes. |
|
CXCL13 | Dendritic cells, stromal cells of the lymph nodes. | Recruitment of B cells and formation of the granuloma-associated follicular structures. |
|
IL-12/IL-23 | Dendritic cells, macrophages. | Th1 polarisation of CD4+ T cells. |
|
IFN- | CD4+ (Th1) and CD8+ T cells, NK. | Activation of macrophages. |
Induction of NO synthesis and bacterial killing. |
|
TNF- | CD4+ T cells (Th1), macrophages. | Proinflammatory. |
Induction of chemokine production. |
Activation of macrophages. |
Critical for granuloma formation. |
|
IL-1 | Macrophages, DCs. | Proinflammatory. |
Recruitment and activation of phagocytes. |
|
IL-17 | LT , CD4+ T cells (Th17). | Proinflammatory. |
Involved in neutrophil recruitment and macrophage activation. |
|
IL-10 | Tregs, B-1 cells, AAM. | Anti-inflammatory. |
Polarisation of macrophages towards the AAM type. |
|
TGF- | Tregs, AAM. | Anti-inflammatory. |
|