|
| GAAs | Characteristic/potential function | References |
|
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*AIM2: absent in melanoma 2 | AIM-2 could be used as a tumor antigen target for monitoring vaccine trials or for developing antigen-specific active immunotherapy for glioma patients. | [90, 96–98] |
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*BMI1: BMI1 polycomb ring finger oncogene | Expressed in human GBM tumors and highly enriched in CD133+ GSC cells. | [99] |
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*COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2 | Overexpressed in many tumors including CD133+ GSC cells, COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib will become a nice weapon for GBM therapy. | [100] |
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*TRP-2: tyrosinase related protein 2 | Highly expressed in GSCs. | [89, 97, 98] |
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*GP100: glycoprotein 100 | Melanocyte lineage-specific antigen, expressed in GSCs as well. | [89, 98] |
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*EGFRvIII: epidermal growth factor receptor variant III | EGFRvIII is the most prevalent of several EGFR mutations found in human gliomas and is expressed in 20–25% of GBM. GSC-associated antigen. | [79, 89, 98] |
|
*EZH2: enhancer of zeste homolog 2 | Upregulated in malignant gliomas and in GSC cells. | [97, 101] |
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*LICAM: human L1 cell adhesion molecule | Highly expressed in GSCs. Invasion-associated proteins. | [102] |
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*Livin and Livinβ | The expression of livin and livinβ in CD133+ U251 stem-like cells was much higher than that in cancer cells, Livinβ was more related with the high survival rate. It is a cancer-associated member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP). | [103] |
|
*MRP-3: multidrug-resistance protein 3, | GBMs overexpress MRP3 at both mRNA and protein levels. Multidrug-resistance protein 3, potential correlation with survival. Highly expressed in GSC cells as well. | [97, 98, 104] |
|
*Nestin | Nestin plays important roles in cell growth, migration, invasion, and adhesion to extracellular matrices in glioma cells. Overexpressed in GSCs. | [105] |
|
*OLIG2: oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 | GSC marker, OLIG2 is highly expressed in all diffuse gliomas. Immunohistochemistry and microarray analyses demonstrated higher OLIG2 in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas versus glioblastomas, which are heterogeneous with respect to OLIG2 levels. | [106] |
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*SOX2: SRY-related HMG-box 2 | SOX2 expression and amplification in gliomas and GSC cell lines. | [98, 107] |
| ART1: antigen recognized by T cells 1 | Pediatric GBM express ART1, ART4, SART1, SART2, and SART3, they were identified within glioblastoma cell lines as well. | [92, 97] |
| ART4: antigen recognized by T cells 4 |
| SART1: squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 |
| SART2: squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 2 |
| SART3: squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells 3 |
| B-cyclin | Overexpressed in GBM. | [97, 108] |
| β-catenin | β-catenin and Gli1 are prognostic markers in GBM. | [109] |
| Gli1: glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 | Gli1 is correlated with glioma recurrence after chemotherapy, Gli1 plays a dominant role in chemoresistance of glioma cells. located in nuclear, might be fluctuating between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. | [109, 110] |
| Cav-1: caveolin-1 | Expressed in most HGG, correlated with proliferation and invasive potential of tumor. | [111] |
| Cathepsin B | Overexpression of cathepsin B during the progression of human gliomas. | [112] |
| CD74: cluster of Differentiation 74 | Contribute to TMZ resistance. Also known as HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain. | [113] |
| E-cadherin: epithelial calcium-dependent adhesion | Expression in gliomas correlated with an unfavorable clinic outcome. | [114] |
| EphA2/Eck: EPH receptor A2/epithelial cell kinase | Overexpressed in both pediatric and adult GBM. Used as a novel target for glioma vaccines. | [90, 97, 115] |
| Fra-1/Fosl 1: fos-related antigen 1 | Plays an important role in maintenance/progression of various cancers, including GBM. Highly expressed in pediatric GBM. | [97, 116] |
| GAGE-1: G antigen 1 | A potential target for specific immunotherapy and diagnostic markers in high-grade brain tumors. | [93] |
| Ganglioside/GD2 | Expressed in astrocytic tumors. | [117] |
| GnT-V, β1,6-N: acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V | Plays an important role in regulating invasivity of human glioma. | [97, 118] |
| Her2/neu: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 | A tumor-associated antigen that is expressed by up to 80% of GBMs but not by normal postnatal neurons or glia. | [97, 98] |
| Ki67: nuclear proliferation-associatedantigen of antibody Ki67 | Prognostic marker for glioma, especially for the lower grades. | [79] |
| Ku70/80: human Ku heterodimer proteins subunits (molecular weight: 70 kDa/80 kDa) | A therapeutic potential target antigen. Highly expressed in GBM. | [119] |
| IL-13Rα2: interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 | Overexpressed in GBM but diminished in several GSC cell lines. | [89, 97, 98] |
| MAGE-A: melanoma-associated antigen 1 | MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 can be upregulated in neuroblastoma cells to facilitate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated tumor cell killing. | |
| MAGE-A3: melanoma-associated antigen 3 | [94] |
| NY-ESO-1: New York oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 | |
| MART-1: melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells | Melanoma antigen also associated with glioma. | [95] |
| PROX1: prospero homeobox protein 1 | Strongly express in GBM, frequently coexpress early neuronal proteins MAP2 and betaIII-tubulin but not the mature neuronal marker NeuN. | [120] |
| PSCA: prostate stem cell antigen | GPI-anchored cell surface protein, represented as a novel GAA. | [121] |
| SOX10: SRY-related HMG-box 10 | The SOX10 expression was restricted to gliomas and melanomas. All glioma types expressed SOX10, and tumors of low-grade glioma had a much broader distribution of SOX10 compared with high-grade gliomas. | [122] |
| SOX11: SRY-related HMG-box 11 | The transcription factor SOX11 highly specific overexpression of in human malignant gliomas. | [87, 97] |
| Survivin | Quantitatively determined survivin expression levels are of prognostic value in human gliomas. | [79, 97] |
| UPAR: urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor | UPAR and Cathepsin B, known to be overexpressed in high-grade gliomas and strongly correlated with invasive cancer phenotypes. | [123] |
| WT-1: Wilms’ tumor protein 1 | A transcription factor overexpressed in glioma. | [91] |
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