Natural Immunity to HIV: A Delicate Balance between Strength and Control

Table 1

Genetic and genital mucosa host factors associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection in several HESN cohorts.

HIV-resistant host factors
Genetic	Genital mucosa
KIR3D L1/S1 [59]	Protease inhibitors (SLPI, lactoferrin, serpins, cystatins, trappin-2/elafin) [2, 84–87]
KIR2D L2/L3 [60]
HLA class 1 alleles [61–65]	Defensins (𝛼,𝛽) [2]
IRF-1 [66]	CC-𝛽 chemokines [9, 79, 80]
TLR 9 [67]	APOBEC3G, TRIM5𝛼, tetherin, SAMHD1, LEDGF/p75 [81–83]
CCR5Δ32 [68–76]	Elevated DC and NK cell frequencies/activities [58]
CCR2b [77, 78]	CD4^+- and CD8^+-specific immune responses and reduced T-cell
MIP-1𝛼 [79]	activation [2, 88–97]
MIP-1𝛽 [80]	Cross-clade neutralizing specific IgA (transcytosis inhibition and; ADCC activities) [2, 88–94, 98, 99]

ADCC: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; APOBEC: apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC: dendritic cell; HESN: highly-exposed HIV-seronegative; HLA: human leucocyte antigen; IRF: interferon-regulating factor; KIR: killing inhibitory receptor; LEDGF: Lens epithelium-derived growth factor; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; NK: natural killer; SAMHD: sterile alpha motif and HD domain; SLPI: secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TRIM: tripartite motif.