Gestational Medication Use, Birth Conditions, and Early Postnatal Exposures for Childhood Asthma
Table 2
Risks for childhood asthma in relation to gestational medication use.
Controls
Ever asthma
Early-onset asthma†
Late-onset asthma‡
Gestational medication category
(%)§
N §
OR
95%CI
N §
OR
95%CI
N §
OR
95%CI
Any medication tablet¶
No
350(90.7)
137
1.00
71
1.00
66
1.00
Yes
36(9.3)
56
3.73
(2.2,6.33)**
20
3.64
(1.54,8.64)*
36
3.90
(1.96,7.75)**
Exposure time
2,3 trimester
19(4.9)
20
1.80
(0.86,3.79)
7
3.37
(0.83, 13.63)
13
1.46
(0.58, 3.70)
1st trimester
17(4.4)
33
6.03
(2.91,12.5)**
12
3.32
(1.17, 9.43)
21
10.20
(3.34, 31.17)**
Exposure duration
0–6 days
28(7.3)
43
3.46
(1.94,6.17)**
15
3.41
(1.31, 8.83)*
28
3.55
(1.69, 7.45)**
≧1 week
8(2.1)
13
4.86
(1.77, 13.37)*
5
4.57
(0.89, 23.56)
8
5.70
(1.43, 22.77)*
for trend
<0.001
0.004
<0.001
Medications for common cold
No
351(93.6)
146
1.00
75
1.00
71
1.00
Yes
24(6.4)
41
4.35
(2.28,8.3)**
13
5.31
(1.63,17.3)*
28
4.05
(1.85,8.87)**
Exposure time
2,3 trimester
15(4.0)
17
2.19
(0.97,4.94)
6
4.76
(0.88, 25.90)
11
1.82
(0.67, 4.92)
1st trimester
9(2.4)
21
8.67
(3.10,24.23)**
6
4.49
(0.82, 24.48)
15
10.20
(2.78, 37.50)**
Exposure duration
0–3 days
16(4.3)
23
3.19
(1.50, 6.79)*
8
4.50
(1.19,16.97)*
15
2.77
(1.08, 7.14)*
≧4 days
8(2.1)
18
7.83
(2.70,22.72)**
5
8.84
(0.83, 93.83)
13
7.17
(2.16, 23.75)*
for trend
<0.001
0.008
<0.001
Herbal medication
No
361(93.5)
171
1.00
80
1.00
91
1.00
Yes
25 (6.5)
22
1.59
(0.83,3.05)
11
3.63
(1.23,10.7)*
11
1.07
(0.44,2.61)
Exposure time
2,3 trimester
8 (2.3)
8
1.41
(0.48, 4.09)
6
5.17
(0.89, 31.18)
2
0.53
(0.09, 2.95)
1st trimester
15 (4.2)
14
1.94
(0.85, 4.41)
5
2.99
(0.71, 12.54)
9
1.59
(0.57, 4.45)
Exposure duration
<6 days
10 (2.7)
11
1.63
(0.63, 4.23)
7
6.83
(1.22, 38.13)
4
0.65
(0.17, 2.50)
≧1 week
14 (3.8)
11
1.77
(0.73, 4.28)
4
2.33
(0.58, 9.42)
7
1.96
(0.58, 6.59)
for trend
0.12
0.05
0.46
Exposure frequency
<3 times/week
19 (5.1)
11
0.82
(0.35,1.94)
6
2.85
(0.68, 12.02)
5
0.41
(0.12, 1.41)
≧4 times/week
5 (1.4)
10
6.64
(1.89,23.32)*
4
4.71
(0.88,25.37)
6
16.70
(1.71, 162.76)
for trend
0.02
0.02
0.14
Models are adjusted for parental education, mother’s age at birth of her child, parental history of asthma, parental history of atopy, and in utero maternal smoking.
*
; **. §Number of subjects does not add up to total n because of missing data. †Early onset: asthma diagnosed ≦3 yr of age. ‡Late onset: asthma diagnosed >3 yr of age. ¶Any medication: including any medication tablet that physicians prescribed.
