Review Article
Costimulatory Pathways: Physiology and Potential Therapeutic Manipulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Table 1
Summary of the signalling mechanisms and physiological actions of major co-stimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Abbreviations: ref: references; CD: cluster of differentiation; IgSF: immunoglobulin superfamily; APCs: antigen-presenting cells; Mϕ: macrophages; DC: dendritic cells; TNFSF: tumour necrosis factor superfamily; Lck: lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; FYN: protooncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn; ITK: IL2-inducible T-cell kinase; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Grb2: Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; PI: phosphatidylinositol; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; Akt: PKB is a serine/threonine protein kinase; NF-B: nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Sos: son of sevenless homolog 1; Vav1: protooncogene vav; Rac1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; IL: interleukin; RLK: receptor-like kinase; SHP-2: Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2; PP2A: Protein phosphatase 2A; PLC: Phospholipase C; B7RP1: B7 related protein 1; ICOS: inducible co-stimulator; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinases; NK-T: natural killer T cells; MEK1/2: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; TNFR1: TNF receptor 1; IFN: interferon gamma; TRAF: TNF-receptor-associated factors; IkB: inhibitor of κB; Jac3: Janus kinase 3; and STAT5: signal transducers and activators of transcription 5; Ig: immunoglobulin. CD80 = B7-1, CD86 = B7-2; CD70 = CD27L; †OX40 = CD134; OX40L = CD134L; and €CD40L = CD154. |