Nuclear Antigens and Auto/Alloantibody Responses: Friend or Foe in Transplant Immunology

Figure 1

Histone H1 and HMGB1 as “nuclear weapons” in innate and adaptive immune responses. Nuclear antigens released from damaged cells or actively secreted from activated immune cells such as DCs and macrophages are important initiators for the activation of humoral and cellular immune responses during peritransplant ischemia/reperfusion injury and posttransplant rejection as well as infection, injury, and inflammation.